Title: HERPES ZOSTER VACCINE
1HERPES ZOSTER VACCINE
2Behavioral Objectives
- Discuss the pathogenesis of Herpes Zoster.
- Discuss the benefits of immunizing the elderly
with Zostavax vaccine. - Describe how genetic reassortment is used to make
rotavirus vaccine. - Discuss the recommendations, precautions and
contra-indications for the use of rotavirus
vaccine.
3Varicella Zoster Virus
- Herpes virus
- Primary infection results in varicella
(chickenpox) - Recurrent infection results in herpes zoster
(shingles) - Short survival in environment
4Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
- Reactivation of varicella zoster virus
- Can occur years or even decades after illness
with chickenpox - Generally associated with normal aging and with
anything that causes reduced immunocompetence - Lifetime risk of 20 percent in the United States
- Estimated 500,000- 1 million cases of zoster
diagnosed annually in the U.S
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8Varicella Vaccines
- All three vaccines contain the same live
Oka-Merck varicella vaccine virus but in
different concentrations - Varivax - 1,400 pfu
- ProQuad - 9,800 pfu (7x Varivax)
- Zostavax - 19,000 pfu (14x Varivax)
9Herpes Zoster Vaccine (Zostavax)
- Contains the same live attenuated varicella virus
as Varivax but at a much higher titer of vaccine
virus - Approved by FDA for persons 60 years of age and
older - Administered by the subcutaneous route
10Herpes Zoster Vaccine Efficacy
- Compared to the placebo group the vaccine group
had - 51 fewer episodes of zoster
- Less severe disease
- 66 less postherpetic neuralgia
- No significant safety issues were identified
NEJM 2005352(22)2271-84.
11Herpes Zoster Vaccine
- Approved for a single dose among persons 60 years
and older whether or not they report a prior
episode of shingles - Persons with a chronic medical condition may be
vaccinated unless a contraindication or
precaution exists for the condition
provisional recommendations as of January 2007
12Herpes Zoster VaccineStorage and Handling
- Store frozen at 5F (-15C ) or lower at all
times - Protect from light
- Discard if not used within 30 minutes of
reconstitution
13- Rotavirus and Rotavirus Vaccine
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable
Diseases National Immunization Program Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
Revised January 2007
14Rotavirus
- First identified as cause of diarrhea in 1973
- Most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants
and children - Nearly universal infection by 5 years of age
- Responsible for up to 500,000 diarrheal deaths
each year worldwide
15Rotavirus
- Reovirus (RNA)
- VP7 and VP4 antigens define virus serotype and
induce neutralizing antibody - 5 predominant strains in U.S. (G1-G4, G9) and
account for 90 of isolates - Strain G1 accounts for 73 of infections
- Very stable and may remain viable for weeks or
months if not disinfected
16Rotavirus Pathogenesis
- Entry through mouth
- Replication in epithelium of small intestine
- Replication outside intestine and viremia
uncommon - Infection leads to isotonic diarrhea
17Rotavirus Immunity
- Antibody against VP7 and VP4 probably important
for protection - First infection usually does not lead to
permanent immunity - Reinfection can occur at any age
- Subsequent infections generally less severe
18Rotavirus Clinical Features
- Incubation period 1-3 days
- Clinical manifestations depend on whether it is
the first infection or reinfection - First infection after age 3 months generally most
severe - May be asymptomatic or result in severe
dehydrating diarrhea with fever and vomiting - Gastrointestinal symptoms generally resolve in 3
to 7 days
19Rotavirus Complications
- Severe diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Metabolic acidosis
- Immunodeficient children may have more severe or
persistent disease
20Rotavirus Disease Burden in the United States
- Estimated 2.7 million cases per year
- 95 of children infected by 5 years of age
- The most severe disease occurs among children
3-24 months of age - Highest incidence among children 3 to 35 months
of age - Responsible for 5-10 of all gastroenteritis
episodes among children younger than 5 years of
age
21Rotavirus Disease in the United States
- Annually responsible for
- More than 400,000 physician visits
- More than 200,000 emergency dept visits
- 55,000-70,000 hospitalizations
- 20-60 deaths
- Annual direct and indirect costs are estimated at
approximately 1 billion
22Rotavirus Epidemiology
- Reservoir Human-GI tract
- Transmission Fecal-oral, fomites
-
- Temporal Fall and winter pattern (temperate
areas) - Communicability 2 days before to 10 days
after onset
23Risk Groups for Rotavirus Diarrhea
- Groups with increased exposure to virus
- Children in child care centers
- Children in hospital wards (nosocomial rotavirus)
- Caretakers, parents of these children
- Children, adults with immunodeficiency related
diseases (e.g. SCID, HIV, bone marrow transplant)
24Rotavirus Vaccine
- Created by genetic reassortment
- Causes nonhuman rotavirus strains to express
human rotavirus antigens on their surface - Nonhuman rotaviruses have low pathogenicity
for humans - Replicate but do not cause disease
25Rotavirus Vaccine (Rota)
Human
Animal
Reassortant
Tissue Culture
26Rotavirus Vaccine (RotaTeq)
- Approved by FDA in February 2006
- Contains five reassortant rotaviruses developed
from human and bovine parent rotavirus strains - Vaccine viruses suspended in a solution of buffer
(sodium citrate and phosphate) and stabilizer - Contains no preservatives or thimerosal
27Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy
- Phase III trials included more than 70,000
infants in 11 countries - Efficacy
- All rotavirus disease - 74
- Severe rotavirus disease - 98
- Physician visits for diarrhea-86 reduction
- Rotavirus-related hospitalization-96 reduction
- Efficacy of fewer than 3 doses is not known
N Eng J Med 200635423-33
28Rotavirus VaccineRecommendations
- Routine immunization of all infants without
contraindications - Administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
- Minimum age of first doses is 6 weeks
- First dose should be administered between 6 and
12 weeks of age (until age 13 weeks) - Do not initiate series after 12 weeks of age
MMWR 200655(RR-12)1-13.
29Rotavirus VaccineRecommendations
- Minimum interval between doses is 4 weeks
- Maximum age for ANY dose is 32 weeks
- Do not administer on or after age 32 weeks, even
if fewer than three doses have been administered
MMWR 200655(RR-12)1-13.
30Rotavirus VaccineRecommendations
- Administer simultaneously with all other
indicated vaccines - Breastfeeding infants should be vaccinated on
usual schedule - Vaccinate infants who have recovered from
documented rotavirus infection - Do not repeat dose if infant spits out or
regurgitates vaccine- administer remaining doses
on schedule
MMWR 200655(RR-12)1-13.
31Rotavirus Vaccine and Intussusception
Vaccine Recipients 6 cases 13 cases
Placebo Recipients 5 cases 15 cases
Within 42 days of vaccination Within 1 year of
vaccination
New Eng J Med 200635423-33
32Rotavirus VaccineAdverse Reactions
- Vomiting 15
- Diarrhea 24
- Nasopharyngitis 7
- Fever 43
- No serious adverse reactions reported
MMWR 200655(RR-12)1-13.
33Rotavirus VaccineContraindications
- Severe allergic reaction to a vaccine component
or following a prior dose of vaccine
34Rotavirus VaccinePrecautions
- Altered immunocompetence
- Recent receipt of blood product
- Acute, moderate to severe gastroenteritis or
other acute illness - Pre-existing chronic GI disease
- Infants with history of intussusception
the decision to vaccinate if a precaution is
present should be made on a case-by-case risk and
benefit basis
35Rotavirus Vaccine and Preterm Infants
- Few data available
- ACIP supports the vaccination of a preterm infant
if - the infant is at least 6 weeks of age and
- is being or has been discharged from the
hospital and - is clinically stable
MMWR 200655(RR-12)1-13.
36Immunosuppressed Household Contacts of Rotavirus
Vaccine Recipients
- Protection of the immunocompromised household
member afforded by vaccination of young children
in the household outweighs the small risk for
transmitting vaccine virus to the
immunocompromised household member - Household should employ measures such as good
hand washing after contact with the feces of the
vaccinated infant