ARC 110 History of Architecture I

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ARC 110History of Architecture I

• Module 1
• Introductory Module

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Introductory Module

• Outline of Presentation
• Lecture1
• Introduction to Course
• Lecture 2
• Introduction to Architecture and History of
  Architecture
• Lecture 3
• Introduction to Materials, Systems and
  Technologies

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Module 1 Lecture 1Intro to Architecture and
History of Arch.
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Outline of Lecture

• Lecture1
• Course Description
• Course Learning Outcomes
• Course Content
• Course Activities
• Course Interactions and Communication
• Course Expectations
• Course Evaluation

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Course Description

• From the KFUPM Undergraduate Bulletin
• The course presents an overview of the
  developments of early civilizations and their
  architecture with emphasis on locations in the
  ancient middle and Near- East. The material
  covers from pre-history to Egyptian, Greek,
  roman, and Byzantine architecture. Eastern
  architecture of indo-Islamic, Chinese and
  Japanese civilizations is also included. Emphasis
  is on the appreciation of usable materials,
  construction techniques and design theories of
  the past, leading to an understanding of why the
  various cultures produced the architecture of
  their time.

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Course Learning Outcomes

• Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that
  influence the architectural traditions of each of
  the ancient civilizations
• Demonstrate an understanding of how aesthetic and
  symbolic factors affect the form of buildings of
  the civilizations studied
• Demonstrate an understanding of progress in
  architectural development within the period
  studied

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Course Learning Outcomes

• Be able to compare the architecture of the
  various civilizations in terms of materials,
  construction technology, building form and
  enclosed space
• Get a basic introduction to the language of
  architectural form and space and also to design
• Get a basic introduction to the integration of
  different systems of materials, construction
  system and technology and structures in buildings

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Course Content

• Course Content
• Introductory module
• Prehistoric architecture
• Architecture of the Ancient Near East (ANE)
• Ancient Egyptian architecture
• Aegean architecture
• Greek architecture
• Roman architecture
• Early Christian and Byzantine architecture (ECB)

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Course Schedule

• Schedule
• The course has a schedule for 30 lectures over 15
  weeks
• Twenty six of the thirty lectures will be devoted
  to content material exploration
• Four of the lectures are reserved for class
  activity, principally small group presentation
  and discussion forum

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Course Activities

• Activity types
• Content Material Exploration
• Small Group Research
• Quizzes
• Course project
• Course Final Examination

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Content Material

• The content material of the course is divided
  into 8 modules
• The first module is introductory, providing
  information and knowledge necessary to comprehend
  the main content of the course
• Module 2 to 8 cover the different historical
  periods of interest in the course
• The historical modules have a standard
  organization
• They are divided into 4 sections
• Historical Background
• Architecture of the Civilization
• Architectural Characteristics
• Comparison with previous civilizations

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Content Material Exploration

• There are two ways that course participants can
  interact with content material
• Through Attending Lectures
• Through exploring interactive courseware
• Through Exploring the HTML notes pages
• All sources have exactly the same content and
  illustrations
• Content material will be scheduled according to
  the course schedule
• Practice quizzes will also be scheduled at the
  same time as the content materials
• Course participants are expected explore the
  content materials according to the course
  schedule and also attempt associated practice
  quizzes
• The instructor will monitor content material
  exploration and inform any course participant who
  is going according to schedule

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Small Group Research

• Small Group
• As part of requirement, each participant is
  expected to undertake research as part of a small
  group
• You will be provided with the opportunity to
  register as part of a group at the beginning of
  the course
• Each will study a specific issue or building from
  any of the 7 historical periods of the course
• Each group is expected to finish its presentation
  and post it before the scheduled discussion forum
  on that civilization
• In the discussion forum, the group will present
  their work and it will be the subject of review
  by the whole course participants

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Course Activities

• Activity types
• Content Material Exploration
• Small Group Research
• Quizzes
• Course project
• Course Final Examination

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Interaction and Communication

• Four tools will form the backbone of interaction
  and communication in the course
• The tools are
• E-mail system
• Course chartroom
• Discussion Board
• Progress report
• All of these tools are hosted as part of the
  course website

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Course Expectations

• The instructor on his own part is expected to
• Place all materials on time and according to
  schedule
• Give you all assignments and projects on time
• Inform you about deadlines
• Give you notice for all quizzes and presentation
• Attend to all technical problems
• Inform you when you are lagging behind in content
  exploration or activities
• Respond within a reasonable time to all your
  mails
• Give you evaluation feedback on course activities

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Course Expectations

• From enrolled students - For a successful
  completion of the course, the instructors expects
  each participant to
• Be prompt in going through content materials as
  scheduled
• Be prompt in all projects and assignments
• Participate in all class projects and discussion
  forum
• Be active in discussion board postings
• Be polite and respectful to all course
  participants
• Show an active interest in seeking for new
  materials to supplement what is provided

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Course Evaluation

• Course Evaluation
• Attendance time on task                   10
• Small group research                           10
  
• Quizzes                                           
       30
• Course Project                        
              20
• Final Exam                                        
     30
•                                                
  -----------------
• Total                                            
        100

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Module 1 Lecture 2Intro to Architecture and
History of Arch.
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Outline of Lecture

• What is Architecture
• Contents of the History of architecture
• Buildings and other architectural objects
• Theories of aesthetics and design
• Social, economic, political, technological and
  other factors
• Outline History of Human Civilization

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Leaning Outcomes

• Learning outcomes from this Lecture
• Have a basic understanding of the meaning of
  architecture
• Understand what constitute the content of a
  history of architecture course
• Know the important periods and events in the
  history of human civilization

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What is Architecture
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What is Architecture

• What is Architecture ?
• How can I define architecture?

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What is Architecture

• Definitions from three sources
• The art and science of buildings architects
  research, plan, design and administer projects
  for individuals and groups of people (Mark and
  Lina Kean, An interactive introduction to
  architecture)
• The practice of Building Design and its resulting
  products customary usage refers to only those
  buildings and structures that are culturally
  significant (Encarta encyclopedia).
• Architecture as the art and science of designing
  and constructing buildings (Ching, A visual
  Dictionary of architecture)

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What is Architecture

• From the definitions
• Architecture refers to process of designing
  buildings and administering their construction
• It also refers to the buildings that are product
  of architectural design
• It refers therefore to both the process and
  product of design and construction

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What is Architecture

• We may better understand architecture by looking
  at the root of the word
• Architecture is derived from Word archi-tecton
  archi means chief and teckton means building
• Architeckton therefore means chief builder
• Architects are traditionally master builders who
  design and oversee the process of translating
  design into real buildings.
• One of the definitions raise the issue that
  architecture refers to culturally significant
  buildings How do we determine cultural
  significance?

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Arch. Cultural Significance

• Does Architecture refer to culturally significant
  buildings
• How can we identify Culturally significant
  buildings
• Use criteria put forward by Roman Architect
  VITRUVIUS
• It must be functional and have a use
• It must be technically sound
• It must express ideas of beauty or aesthetics
• Environment and Behavior scientist disagree and
  would categorize all human habitat as architecture

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Architecture in Everyday Usage

• Architecture may be used to refer to
• the product or result of architecture work.
• style or method of building (or design) that is
  characteristics of a particular people, place or
  time.
• the profession of designing buildings and other
  habitable environments
• You should always strive to place the use of the
  term in context

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Contents of the History of Architecture
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Forces that Shape Buildings

• Owner with specific requirements for the
  building
• Architect/builder With professional training
  and judgment
• Society provides concept of good and bad design,
  concept of beauty
• Governments Control and regulate development of
  all buildings
• Site and location nature of site and
  geographical location
• Technical available materials, knowledge of
  construction system and structures

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Contents of Arch. History

• In Architectural History, we seek to
• Study buildings of a particular civilization over
  the period of its history
• Identify and study the forces that shape the
  buildings and building practices of the
  civilization
• Understand how building practices changed over
  time and why they changed

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Contents of Arch History

• History is therefore essentially a tour through
  different locations and time focused on three
  things
• Buildings and other architectural Elements
• Theories of Aesthetics and Design
• Forces that shape building practices
• We will examine each in detail

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Buildings Other Arch Elements

• Buildings are the main content of a history of
  architecture course
• In history, the reality of what was built in the
  past is captured
• Buildings are studied in their geographical
  context and time period
• They are examined from the perspective of
  function, form, space, application of design
  principles and adaptation to the physical
  environment

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The of Aesthetics Des Method

• Buildings usually symbolize ideas of aesthetics
  held by a people
• In history, we try to understand the ideas and
  beliefs of a people about beauty and the right
  way to design
• By studying such ideas in different buildings and
  time periods we can reconstruct their theories of
  aesthetics
• We can also determine how it has changed with
  time

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Other Societal Factors

• Social, economic, political, technological and
  other factors play a major role in the evolution
  of particular architecture of a place or period
• In history, we try to understand how these forces
  shape the environment that leads to the
  production of buildings
• History in this respect is more like a study of
  the cultural development of civilizations with
  architecture as a representation of the
  civilizations
• In representing the civilizations, architecture
  represents its history and achievements

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The History Course

• In the History of Architecture 1 course, history
  is viewed as a means of teaching students about
  design
• History exposes students to the riches of the
  past
• Students learn about different buildings, when
  they were constructed, how and why they come to
  be and the specific ideas of beauty they
  personify
• By studying different periods, a student is
  exposed to a vast wealth of information about
  buildings and how they came to be
• He is therefore exposed to a resource bank to use
  in solving contemporary design problems

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Outline History of Human Civlization
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History of Human Civilization

• History of the world generally divided into two
• History of the physical world and the history of
  human civilization
• In the follow pages we will review the various
  periods of human civilization and identify
  significant events within the periods
• These various periods are
• Prehistoric period, early or ancient
  civilizations, the classical periods, Dark or
  Middle ages, Renaissance period, Industrial Age
  and Modern History

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Pre-historic Period (up to 3000 BC)
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Early or Ancient Civilizations5000-1000 BC
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The Classical Period1100 BC-476 AD
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Dark or Middle Ages476 1450 AD
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Renaissance Period1450 1750 AD
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Industrial Age1750 1900 AD
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Modern History1900 Present AD
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End of Lecture
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Module 1 Lecture 3Intro to Bdg. Materials, Syst.
Technologies
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Outline of Lecture

• Building materials and their characteristics
• Wood, Stone, Brick, Iron, Concrete, Other
  materials
• Building structural systems
• Bearing walls, Post and Lintel, Arch, Dome
• Truss systems, Frame structures, shells and other
  free forms
• Membrane structures
• Technical Systems in Buildings
• Climate control, water systems, lighting

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Leaning Outcomes

• Learning outcomes from this Lecture
• Have an introduction to the different materials
  used in buildings
• Develop an understand of the different structural
  systems used in buildings
• Have a basic understanding of the different
  technical systems used in Buildings

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Building Materials
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Building Materials

• Questions?
• Have you ever looked at a building and wondered
  about the materials used in the building?
• Have you ever wondered how or why the different
  materials were chosen?

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Building Materials

• Building Materials
• Buildings consist of many materials
• Materials are selected based on availability,
  property, cost and beauty
• Each material is unique and suitable for some
  uses
• We will examine materials commonly used in
  construction and highlight their properties

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Wood

• Among earliest materials used in construction
• Early stone age people built huts with wood
• Currently used for Post and Beam and frame
  construction
• Also used for interior decoration and furnishing

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Advantages of wood

• Major advantages of wood are
• its compressive and tensile strength,
• the ease in shaping and carving it,
• its lightweight and
• abundant supply
• Major disadvantages are
• its inflammable nature,
• its subjectivity to rot and insect damage and
• the limitation in its length

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Stone

• The Ancient Egyptians used stone extensively.
• Stone was also the favored building material of
  the Mycenaean and Greek people.
• Stone construction varies by location depending
  on the type of stone available

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Advantages of Stone

• The advantages of stone are
• its compressive strength,
• its ornamental and sculptural value, and
• its durability
• Its disadvantages include
• Poor tensile strength,
• Excessive weight, and
• High cost in quarrying and finishing

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Brick

• Brick is used in locations where there are no
  wood and stone.
• Romans were among the first civilizations to use
  brick extensively.
• They also used brick as a formwork for concrete.
• Commercial mass production of brick introduced in
  1628 made brick the predominant building material
  in England

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Advantages of Brick

• Advantages of brick include
• lightweight,
• its uniform size, density and color, and
• the fact that it can be manufactured in a variety
  of colors, textures and sizes
• Disadvantages include
• the labor intensive installation process,
• its ineffectiveness in tension and
• mortar used in bonding brick is usually the
  weakest element and vulnerable to water
  penetration

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Iron

• Iron became popular in after Thomas Darby
  discovered in 1777 that high temperature causes
  iron to liquefy and become malleable.
• The first architectural applications were in
  bridges and railroads.
• Cast iron (2-4 carbon) was used for structural
  applications and wrought (0.1 carbon) iron for
  ornamental work.

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Advantages of Iron

• The advantages of iron are
• its high strength,
• light nature and
• mass production potential
• Its disadvantages are
• its subjectivity to corrosion and
• its brittle nature

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Steel

• Steel became popular after 1856, when H. Bassemer
  developed a process for introducing carbon into
  the smelting process
• Steel is of greater strength than cast iron and
  is structurally stronger than concrete and wood
• The discovery of steel and its production was the
  greatest technical innovation affecting
  architecture of the 20th century

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Advantages of Steel

• The advantages of steel are
• its extreme strength and rigidity,
• its superior joining capabilities and
• the fact that you can have a highly controlled
  manufacturing process for it
• Its main disadvantage
• It liquefies when subjected to very high
  temperature

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Concrete

• Romans were the first civilization to use
  concrete.
• They used it to achieve very big structures with
  huge interiors.
• Use of concrete was discontinued in the Middle
  Ages.
• Came into use again after 1824 when Portland
  cement was developed.
• The addition of steel reinforcement that followed
  this development increased the use of concrete as
  a construction material

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Advantages of Concrete

• The advantages of concrete are
• its fire resistance,
• inexpensive manufacturing process,
• durable nature,
• its structural versatility,
• high compressive strength and
• ability to pre-cast it
• Its major disadvantages are
• the fact that casting must be controlled, and so
  it cannot be mixed far away from the site.
• It is also subject to rapid deterioration in
  hostile environments

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Other Materials

• Other materials that are commonly used in
  contemporary buildings include
• aluminum,
• glass,
• plastics, paper,
• lead,
• synthetics,
• canvass,
• and new materials continually developed for new
  uses.

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Building Structural Systems
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Building Structural Systems

• Structure is a necessary part of architecture.
• Structure ensures the stability of buildings.
• Structural members enable the resolution and
  transfer of forces to the ground.
• Structural elements also define spaces in
  buildings.
• We will review some predominant structural
  systems featured in buildings over time

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Bearing Wall

• Walls are the earliest development of
  architectural enclosure.
• This is made up of series of wall units that are
  assembled vertically and define usable space.

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Post and Lintel

• This is the simplest of structural systems.
• It is made up of a vertical column that transfers
  the load of the horizontal lintel to the ground.
• This is the main construction system of ancient
  Egyptian temples and Greek architecture.
• It is also the most common form of modern
  construction

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Arch

• An arch is a curved structure of wedged shaped
  blocks built to span an opening.
• Ancient Egyptians and ANE civilizations were
  among the earliest civilization to use the arch
  in construction.
• It was however the Romans that used the arch
  extensively and were able to achieve wide spans
  with it in buildings, bridges, and aqueducts

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Vault

• The extension of an arch in the third dimension
  produces a vault
• The most primitive vault form creates a tunnel
  like space
• Vaulting was extensively used in Roman
  architecture

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Dome

• The circular rotation of an arch around a fixed
  center yields a dome circular in plan
• The oldest and largest existing dome is the
  Pantheon in Rome

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Truss System

• A truss is a 2-Dimensional plane system
  consisting of an assembly of individual members
  arranged in triangular units

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Frame Structure

• Any material made stable by a skeleton is a
  framed structure
• Popular framing materials include concrete, wood
  and steel

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Shells and Other Free Forms

• Other available structural systems include
  shells, air supported structures, cable supported
  structures etc

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Building Technologies
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Basic Building Technologies

• Buildings are usually associated with many
  services and systems
• used to control their internal environments to
  ensure the health, safety and comfort of users.
• These include heating, ventilation and cooling
  systems (climate control), electrical systems,
  water system, lighting system, fire system, etc.
• Many of these systems are products of 20th
  century developments.
• We will briefly review the principal systems

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Climate Control

• Could be passive or active
• Passive uses regional and local solution to
  climatic conditions
• Methods include
• building orientation, shading using overhangs,
  natural planting, use of window elements, choice
  wall detail, etc.
• Active control uses mechanical means along with
  the use of fuels for energy

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Water System

• Water systems consist of the process of getting
  water from natural sources, treating the water
  and delivering it to buildings and of collecting
  wastewater and sewage to treatment facilities.
• Early civilizations relied on natural sources for
  water supply with minimum intervention for
  treatment or transport
• In ancient Egypt, the Nile was a very important
  source of portable water.
• The Romans were the first civilization to
  intervene and develop complex water systems
  consisting of aqueducts to supply water to
  cities, channels to distribute them and also
  sewage systems to take wastewater away

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Lighting System

• Light is made up of energy that is transmitted by
  electromagnetic waves.
• Light is essential for our vision and so is an
  important aspect of architecture.
• Lighting systems can be divided into artificial
  and natural lighting.
• Natural lighting depends on the sun for
  illumination
• Artificial lighting relies on sources other than
  the sun.

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Lighting System

• In the earliest societies, artificial lighting
  was achieved through the burning of natural fuels
  as in torches, candles and lamps.
• The gas lamp developed in the 19th century is one
  of the earliest lighting devices.
• The introduction of electricity changed
  completely the way we light our buildings

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End of Lecture and of Module 1