The Secret Life of Buildings Indoor Air Quality Rocknes Pub

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The Secret Life of BuildingsIndoor Air Quality
Rocknes Pub

• Environmental Technology III
• Semester Project - 4/24/2003
• Professor Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D
• Chad R. Bard

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Building Description

• Pub
• Merriman Road Akron, Ohio
• Built in 1903
• Load bearing brick walls
• Wood floor and roof structure
• Originally coal heated, later changed to fuel
  oil then natural gas
• Original use General store with apartments
  on second floor
• Good example of many adaptive reuses of old
  urban buildings.
• 3,014 Gross SF on ground floor

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Building Description

• Rocknes Pub
• Dining Room
• Smoking
• Air cleaner
• Floor registers
• Ceiling fans
• Inoperable windows
• Adjacent to kitchen
• 1,558 SF / 18,696 cubic feet

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Building Description

• Rocknes Pub
• Kitchen
• Open door to dining room
• (2) 1,500 CFM exhaust hoods
• High heat
• High humidity
• Gas appliances
• 2,444 SF / 2,196 cubic feet

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Building Description

• Rocknes Pub
• Bar
• Bar and table seating
• Smoking permitted
• Ceiling fans
• Floor registers
• Outside air vent (inoperable)
• Refrigeration equipment
• Front and rear door
• 1,409 SF / 14,090 cubic feet

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Building Description

• Rocknes Pub
• HVAC Summary
• 1.) Bar - 14,090 ft3
• 15 ACH / .25 ACM 3,523 cfm O.A reqd
• 20 ACH / .33 ACM 4,650 cfm O.A reqd
• 60 ACH / 1 ACM 14,090 cfm O.A reqd
• .2) Dining Room - 18,696 ft3
• 15 ACH / .25 ACM 4,674 cfm O.A reqd
• 20 ACH / .33 ACM 6,170 cfm O.A reqd
• 60 ACH / 1 ACM 18,696 cfm O.A reqd
• 3.) Kitchen - 2,196 ft3
• 15 ACH / .25 ACM 549 cfm O.A reqd
• 20 ACH / .33 ACM 725 cfm O.A reqd
• 60 ACH / 1 ACM 2,196 cfm O.A reqd

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Building Description

• Rocknes Pub
• HVAC Summary
• O.A. (Cr-Cs)/(Cr-Co) x 100
• 1.) Bar - 400 cfm
• (600ppm- 510ppm)/ (600ppm- 350ppm) x 100 36
• 2.) Dining Room - 500 cfm
• (900ppm- 612ppm)/ (900ppm- 350ppm) x 100 52
• 3.) Kitchen - 3,000 cfm exhaust
• No Outside Air

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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• Condition Indoor Air Quality
• Definition (NIOSH, National Institute for
  Occupational Safety and Health) The quality of
  the air in an indoor environment. June 1997
• NIOSH prefers IEQ or Indoor Environmental
  Quality which more broadly defines the interior
  conditions of a space.

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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• Condition Indoor Air Quality
• Often associated with Sick Building
  Syndrome A situation in which the person
  exhibits certain symptoms that cease upon exiting
  the building or specific environment.

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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• General Symptoms of poor IEQ
• Usually very subjective and are largely
  dependent of job related tasks.
• Difficult to attribute to IEQ issues
• Range from difficulty concentrating and
  nausea to cardiovascular problems and death

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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• History and Statistics
• Poor IEQ has existed since the first fire was
  brought inside the dwelling.
• It became a concern during the
  industrialization period when workers health
  started deteriorating.
• IEQ issues arose again as a result of tight
  buildings constructed during the 1970s energy
  crisis.
• It is still an issue in factories and
  businesses across the globe and is becoming more
  fully understood
• Adverse IEQ is complex and is caused by many
  factors

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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• History and Statistics
• In over 500 IEQ investigations during the past
  decade conducted by NIOSH, the causes for
  problems were
• Inadequate ventilation 52
• Contamination from within the building 16
• Contamination from outside the building 10
• Microbial contamination 5
• Contamination from building fabric 4
• Unknown sources 13

Source OSHA Technical Manual Section III,
Chapter 2
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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• Appendix III2-2 of the OSHA Technical Manual
  gives standard testing equipment and methods as
  well as acceptable ranges of concentration in
  units per volume

Source OSHA Technical Manual Appendix III2-2
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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• Specific Contaminants of Interest
• Though there many contaminants that contribute
  to poor IEQ, there are two in particular that
  will be measured and monitored...

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Dizziness Headache
Nausea Cyanosis Cardiovascular Problems
Death
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Difficulty Concentrating
Drowsiness Fatigue Increased Respiration
Rate Increased Heart Rate Irritation to
Throat and Nose
Source OSHA Technical Manual Section III,
Chapter 2
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Description of Environmental Condition of Interest

• Specific Contaminants of Interest
• These gasses exist naturally in the environment
  as products of combustion and the respiration
  process.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 0-50 ppm accepted High
levels are reason to vacate a building
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 250-350 ppm normal
outdoor air 600 ppm minimal
complaints 600-1000 ppm less clearly
interpreted 1000 ppm indicates inadequate
ventilation and will most likely be accompanied
by an increased frequency of eye, throat, and
fatigue complaints. 1000 ppm is not reason to
vacate a building
Source OSHA Technical Manual Section III,
Chapter 2
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Statement of Hypothesis

• Hypothesis
• In a restaurant / bar environment, the indoor
  environment quality (IEQ) becomes such that
  levels of certain chemicals reach concentrations
  deemed unacceptable by OSHA. These gasses are
  specifically Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon
  Dioxide (CO2). These upper limit concentrations
  are 2,000 ppm (CO2) and 50 ppm (CO)

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Approach / Methodology

• Method
• Obtain owners permission to observe the
  restaurant
• Develop a timetable during which to test the
  IEQ
• Calculate zone areas and volumes
• Determine required Air Changes per Hour
• Determine actual Air Changes per Hour (and
  compliance with OSHA Technical Manual)
• Test outside concentrations of carbon
  monoxide and carbon dioxide prior to testing IEQ
  as a control
• Test IEQ using a CO / CO2 meter
• Make observations during testing noting other
  factors of the environment.
• Survey workers to obtain comparison data
• Prove or disprove hypothesis

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Testing Instruments - IAQ
TSI IAQ-Calc 8760
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Testing Instruments - Ventilation
TSI VelociCalc 8386
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Conclusion / Summary

• Indoor Environment Quality is an issue that
  affects millions of people yearly. It is not as
  flashy or obvious as acoustics and lighting, but
  if serious enough or moderate and unaddressed, it
  can injure or kill. At the very least, it can
  affect worker comfort and productivity. I hope
  that through this investigation I can expose a
  situation that often goes unnoticed or untouched.

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Summary IEQ Chart 3-21-03
Diner rush ending
Ceiling fans turned on
Front door opening often
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CO2 Level Chart 3-21-03
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WBT, DBT, RH Chart 3-21-03
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Occupant Chart 3-21-03
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Summary IEQ Chart 3-22-03
Kitchen fans turned off
Increase in patrons
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CO2 Level Chart 3-22-03
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WBT, DBT, RH Chart 3-22-03
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Occupant Chart 3-22-03
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Summary IEQ Chart 3-28-03
Kitchen fans turned off
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CO2 Level Chart 3-28-03
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WBT, DBT, RH Chart 3-28-03
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Occupant Chart 3-28-03
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Summary IEQ Chart 3-29-03
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CO2 Level Chart 3-29-03
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WBT, DBT, RH Chart 3-29-03
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Occupant Chart 3-29-03
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Summary IEQ Chart
03-21-2003
03-22-2003
03-28-2003
03-29-2003