Enlightenment Ideas Spread

1
Enlightenment Ideas Spread

• Chapter 18 Section 2
• The Age of Reason

2
General Timeline

• Chapter 14 Section 5 Scientific Revolution
  (1550-1700)
• Chapter 18 Sections 1 2 Enlightenment/Age
  of Reason
• (1700-1800)
• Chapter 17 Age of Absolutism
• (1550-1800)

3
Setting the Scene

• Heart of the Enlightenment Paris
• Intellectuals debated new ideas and proposed
  reforms, examined traditional beliefs and
  customs.
• An opinion launched in Paris was like a
  battering ram launched by 30 million men.

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The Challenge of New Ideas

• Educated people saw the need for reform
• Wanted to achieve a just society
• PRO --- social justice and happiness

• Govt./Church Response Censorship ---
  restricting access to information and ideas
• Banned/burned books, imprisioned writers, etc.
• Philosophes/Writers Reaction disguise ideas in
  works of fiction

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Salons

• Informal social gatherings, where art,
  literature, science, philosophy were discussed
• 1600s began in Paris by noblewomenas poetry
  readings
• 1700s spread to middle class --- Madame
  Geoffrin
• Discussion forums today?

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Enlightened Monarchs

• Allowed discussion of Enlightenment ideas in
  their courts of Europe
• Philosophes tried to persuade rulers to adapt new
  ideas.
• Monarchs often used power to bring political or
  social change
• Frederick the Great (II), Catherine the Great
  (II) and Joseph II were all Enlightened Monarchs.

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Frederick the Great (1740-1786)

• King of Prussia son of Frederick William I
• Compared himself to the philosopher-king M.
  Aurelius
• Enjoyed reading, music (composed 100 sonatas 4
  symphonies), plays, etc.
• Wrote Anti-Machiavel before becoming King
• Lured philosophers (Voltaire) to Berlin
• Developed Academy of Science

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Frederick as King

• wanted a strong monarchy and power, but DID NOT
  believe in divine right!
• Developed a strong military invaded Silesia
  (Poland)
• GOAL modernize his lands
• Tolerated religious differences (Huguenots,
  Jesuits, Jews were all valuable to Prussia)
• Frederick spoke his native German, French,
  English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian he
  also understood Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
• Died in an armchair in his study at Sansoucci
  (age 74)
• Frederick the Great (Old Fritz)

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Frederick the Great Sansoucci (carefree) Palace
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Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

• Exchanged letters with Diderot (protected his
  writings) and Voltaire
• Patron of arts (opera), literature, education
  est. 1st imperial zoo!
• Birth name was Sophie Augusta Fredericka born to
  a Prussian (German) general
• Married her cousin Peter III of Russia
  negotiated by Frederick the Great, who wanted
  stronger ties with Russia against Austria
• Her lover, Grigori Orlov, headed a conspiracy
  that made her rulerPeter was murdered 6 months
  after taking the throne!

13
Catherine as Russian Queen

• She often ruled as tyrant proclaimed herself a
  lover of liberty, but oppressed the serfs in her
  country
• Her armies defeated the Turks, the Swedes and
  Poles in 3 separate wars.
• 200,000 miles were added to Russias territories
• She suffered a stroke while taking a bath (age
  67)
• Many urban legends surround her death regarding
  her many lovers and sexual appetite.
• She was succeeded by her son Paul I, who was
  strangled and trampled to death at age 47.

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Joseph II (Peasant Emperor) 1765-1790

• Hapsburg ruler, HRE and most radical
  Enlightenment monarch
• Son of Maria Theresa and Francis I brother of
  Marie Antoinette
• Studied Voltaire Encyclopedistspatron to
  Mozart Beethoven
• Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn
  of their problems
• Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in a
  predominantly Catholic empire
• Ended censorship, serfdom, death penalty
• Tried to bring Catholic Church under royal
  controlsold monastery/convent property to build
  hospitalssimilar to???

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Joseph II
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Empress Maria Theresa1745-1780

• Oldest daughter of Charles VI mother of Joseph
  II
• Foe Frederick the Great
• Ruled through the Pragmatic Sanction
• Bore 16 children (11 daughters!) 1 of the 11 was
  Marie Antoinette, who married Louis XVI of France.

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Court art/architecture 1600s/1700s

• Artists and composers had to please their
  patrons, who commissioned works and gave them
  jobs.
• Greek or Roman style OR in the baroque style ---
  grand, complex
• Baroque paintings huge, colorful, exciting
• Glorified battles or the lives of saints

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Artistic Movements

• Classicism (Renaissance period) 1400s world as
  it was, little detail --Michelangelo, DaVinci,
  Raphael
• Mannerism (1550-1600) distorted proportions El
  Greco (View of Toledo), Tintoretto (Last Supper),
  Michelangelo (Last Judgment)
• Baroque (1600s) detail, drama, grandeur,
  emotional examples on next slides!
• Rococo (1720s France) opulence, grace,
  lightness, shell-like curves, delicate colors,
  cherubs, pastoral settings, portraits of nobles

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Baroque architecture

• From Portuguese word barrocco meaning an
  irregularly shaped pearl
• Artists involved audiences emotionally drama,
  tension, grandeur, elaborate, detailed, etc.
• tool of the Catholic Church during
  Counter-Reformation
• Purpose renewal of faith and spiritual feeling

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Baroque art examples

• Melk Abbey in Austria
• St. Peters Basilica in Rome
• Berninis Ecstasy of St. Teresa David
• Rembrandts Night Watch
• Vermeers Girl With a Pearl Earring
• Velasquezs Maids of Honor (Las Meninas)
• Versailles Hall of Mirrors

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Berninis Ecstasy of St. Theresa Statue of David
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Velasquez Maids of Honor (King Philip IV,
Maria-Anna of Austria daughter Margarita
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Versailles Hall of Mirrors
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Rococo style

• From French word rocaille, a decorative work made
  from pebbles and shells
• Elegant and charming
• Decadent and frivolous, playful, graceful
• Bronze, marble, mirrors, etc.
• Delicate shells and flowers on furniture and
  tapestries

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Ottobeuren Basilica (Bavaria) Jean Antoine
Watteaus Pilgrimage to Cythera
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Rococo art/architecture continued

• Portrait painters showed noble subjects in rural
  settings surrounded by servants, pets, etc.
• Artists preferred small rooms in comparison to
  vast spaces of the baroque style also
  convex/concave exteriors
• Façade of Cadiz Cathedral in Spain (116 years to
  complete)

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New audience

• Middle class merchants wanted portraits painted
  without frills
• Pictures of family life or realistic town/country
  scenes were popular
• Dutch painters Rembrandt and Vermeer painted
  ordinary, middle class subjects

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Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)

• Dutch painter, engraver and printer who was
  referred to as the lord of light for his use of
  light in his famous painting The Night Watch (The
  Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van
  Ruytenburch 11 x 14 feet)
• Painted 60 oil self-portraits of himself

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Rembrandts Night Watch
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Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)

• Dutch painter who also used light in many of his
  paintings
• He painted only for local patrons
• Specialized in domestic scenes

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The Love Letter The Milkmaid
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Trends in music

• Ballets and operas were performed at royal courts
• Eventually opera houses were built to entertain
  the masses
• Bach, Handel Mozart were 3 of many famous
  Enlightenment musicians to make an impact.

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Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

• Devout German Lutheran
• Wrote religious works for the organ and choirs
• Brandenburg Concerto is very well-known

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George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)

• German composer who spent much of his life in
  England
• Wrote Water Music for King George I of England
• Wrote operas
• The Messiah is his most celebrated work.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

• Child prodigy (genius) born in Salzburg, Austria
• Spent much of his life in Vienna, Austria
• Began playing and composing music around the age
  of 5
• Wrote operas, symphonies and religious music
• Died in poverty age 35 of rheumatic fever,
  influenza???

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Mozarts family

• Father Leopold
• Mother Anna Maria
• Sister Maria Anna Nannerl
• Only 2 of the 7 children survived!
• Married Constanze Weber had 6 children 2
  survived Carl Thomas Franz Xaver

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Lives of the Majority

• Aristocratic or middle-class culture did not
  affect the majority
• Western Europe was a bit more prosperous than
  Eastern Europe Russia, where serfdom (peasants
  could still be bought sold with the land) was
  still the norm.
• 1700s radical ideas about social
  equality/justice made their way into peasant
  villages --- led to unrest and war in many cases