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Introduction to Psychology

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Title: Introduction to Psychology


1
Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 4 The Developing Person
2
The Developing Person
  • Developmental Psychology
  • study of physical, cognitive, and social changes
    across the life span

3
Developmental Issues
  • Nature versus Nurture
  • How much is human development influenced by our
    heredity (nature) and how much by our experience
    (nurture)?
  • Continuity versus Stages
  • Is development gradual and continuous or does it
    proceed through a sequence of separate stages?
  • Stability versus Change
  • Do our early personality traits persist through
    life, or do we become different persons as we age?

4
Union of Egg and Sperm
5
Prenatal Development
  • Zygote
  • fertilized egg
  • enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division
  • develops into an embryo
  • Embryo
  • developing human organism from 2 weeks through
    second month
  • Fetus
  • developing human organism from 9 weeks to birth

6
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months
7
Prenatal Development
  • Teratogens
  • agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during
    prenatal development and cause harm
  • chemical, e.g., alcohol, some medicines, cocaine,
    nicotine
  • viral, e.g., HIV, Rubella
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
    caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking

8
The Competent Newborn
  • Rooting Reflex
  • tendency to turn head, open mouth, and search for
    nipple when touched on the cheek
  • Preferences
  • human voices and faces
  • facelike images--gt
  • smell and sound of mother preferred

9
Infancy and Childhood
  • Maturation
  • biological growth processes that enable orderly
    changes in behavior
  • relatively uninfluenced by experience
  • sets the course for development while experience
    adjusts it

10
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
-Piaget
  • Schema
  • a concept or framework that organizes and
    interprets information
  • Assimilation
  • interpreting ones new experience in terms of
    ones existing schemas

11
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development-
Piaget
  • Accommodation
  • adapting ones current understandings (schemas)
    to incorporate new information
  • Cognition
  • All the mental activities associated with
    thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

12
Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
13
Infancy and Childhood
  • Object Permanence
  • the awareness that things continue to exist even
    when not perceived

14
Piaget
  • Preoperational Stage
  • stage during which a child learns to use language
    but does not yet comprehend mental operations of
    concrete logic
  • Animism inanimate objects are alive moon,
    teddy bear
  • Difficulty double classifying
  • Egocentrism
  • the inability of the preoperational child to take
    anothers point of
  • View
  • Theory of Mind
  • peoples ideas about their own and others mental
    states

15
Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
  • Concrete Operational Stage
  • stage during which children gain the mental
    operations that enable them to think logically
    about concrete events
  • Conservation
  • the principle that properties such as mass,
    volume, and number remain the same despite
    changes in the forms of objects
  • Reversibility

16
Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development
  • Conservation
  • the principle that properties such as mass,
    volume, and number remain the same despite
    changes in the forms of objects

17
Piaget - Cognitive
  • Formal Operational Stage
  • stage during which people begin to think
    logically about abstract concepts
  • Hypotheses testing and scientific reasoning

18
Infants Can Think
  • After sucking on one of these, babies looked
    longer at the nipple they had felt in their mouth

19
Cognitive Development
  • Baby Mathematics
  • Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants
    stare longer (Wynn, 1992)

20
Social Development
  • Attachment
  • an emotional tie with another person
  • shown in young children by seeking closeness to
    the caregiver and showing distress on separation
  • Stranger Anxiety
  • fear of strangers that infants commonly display
  • beginning by about 8 months of age

21
Social Development
  • Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments
  • Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable
    cloth mother, even while feeding from the
    nourishing wire mother

22
Social Development
  • Critical Period
  • an optimal period shortly after birth when an
    organisms exposure to certain stimuli or
    experiences produces proper development
  • Imprinting
  • the process by which certain animals form
    attachments during a critical period very early
    in life

23
Attachment
  • Responsive Parenting
  • Sensitive and responsive parents notice what
    babies are doing and respond appropriately
  • Leads to secure attachment
  • Unresponsive Parenting
  • Do notice what their babies are doing and do not
    respond appropriately
  • Leads to insecure attachment

24
Attachment
  • Secure attachment
  • In presence of mother play and explore
    environment
  • Distressed when parent leaves and happy at her
    return
  • Insecure attachment
  • Less likely to explore environment
  • May cling to mother when she leaves, cry and
    remain upset
  • Or may seem indifferent to mothers leaving and
    returning

25
Social Development
  • Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were
    terror-stricken when placed in strange situations
    without their surrogate mothers

26
Attachment
  • Secure attachment predicts social competence
  • Insecure attachment predicts difficulty with
    social competence
  • Deprivation of attachment such as in orphanages
    and during war children often withdrawn,
    frightened, and speechless
  • Can impact adult attachments, aggression, abuse,
    etc.

27
Social Development
  • Groups of infants who had and had not experienced
    day care were left by their mothers in a
    unfamiliar room
  • Separation peaks around 13 months

28
Parenting Styles
  • Authoritarian
  • Imposes rules and expects obedience
  • Because I said so
  • Permissive
  • Submit to childs demands
  • Very few rules if any
  • Very little if any punishment
  • Authoritative
  • Demanding and responsive
  • Have reasonable rules and explain why the rule
    exists
  • Punishment is appropriate for breaking rules
  • Discuss rules and allow exceptions

29
Social Development
  • The correlation between authoritative parenting
    and social competence in children

30
Adolescence
  • Adolescence
  • the transition period from childhood to adulthood
  • extending from puberty to independence
  • Puberty
  • the period of sexual maturation
  • when one first becomes capable of reproduction

31
Adolescence
  • Primary Sex Characteristics
  • body structures that make sexual reproduction
    possible
  • ovaries--female
  • testes--male
  • external genitalia
  • Secondary Sex Characteristics
  • nonreproductive sexual characteristics
  • female--enlarged breast, hips
  • male--voice quality, body hair
  • Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
  • first menstrual period

32
Adolescence
  • In the 1890s the average interval between a
    womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years
    now it is nearly 12 years.

33
Adolescence
  • Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar
    in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead
    briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age
    14.

34
Adolescence
35
Kohlbergs Moral Ladder
  • As moral development progresses, the focus of
    concern moves from the self to the wider social
    world

36
Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
37
Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
38
Social Development
  • Identity
  • ones sense of self
  • the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of
    self by testing and integrating various roles
  • Intimacy
  • the ability to form close, loving relationships
  • a primary developmental task in late adolescence
    and early adulthood

39
Social Development
  • The changing parent-child relationship

40
Adulthood--Physical Changes
  • Menopause
  • the time of natural cessation of menstruation
  • also refers to the biological changes a woman
    experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
  • Alzheimers Disease
  • a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
  • characterized by a gradual deterioration of
    memory, reasoning, language, and finally,
    physical functioning

41
Adulthood--Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
42
Adulthood--Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
43
Adulthood--Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
44
Adulthood--Physical Changes
Fatal accident rate
  • Slowing reactions contribute to increased
    accident risks among those 75 and older.

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75 and over
Age
45
Adulthood--Physical Changes
  • Incidence of dementia by age

46
Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
  • Recalling new names introduced once, twice or
    three times is easier for younger adults than for
    older ones (Crook West, 1990).

100
Percent of names recalled
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
18
40
50
60
70
Age group
47
Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
Number Of words remembered
  • In a study by Schonfield Robertson (1966), the
    ability to recall new information declined during
    early and middle adulthood, but the ability to
    recognize new information did not.

24
20
16
12
8
4
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
48
Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
  • Cross-Sectional Study
  • a study in which people of different ages are
    compared with one another
  • Longitudinal Study
  • research in which the same people are restudied
    and retested over a long period

49
Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
  • Cross-Sectional method suggests decline
  • Longitudinal method suggests more stability

50
Adulthood
  • Crystallized Intelligence
  • ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
  • tends to increase with age
  • Fluid Intelligence
  • ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
  • tends to decrease during late adulthood
  • Social Clock
  • the culturally preferred timing of social events
    such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

51
Adulthood
Intelligence (IQ) score
  • Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age,
    while nonverbal intelligence scores decline
    (adapted from Kaufman others, 1989).

105
100
95
90
85
80
75
20
35
55
70
25
45
65
Age group
52
Adulthood
  • Early-forties midlife crisis?

53
Adulthood
  • Multinational surveys show that age differences
    in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart,
    1990).
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