Acidosis Control and Use of Cottonseed Feed Products in Diets for Feedlot Cattle

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Acidosis Control and Use of Cottonseed Feed
Products in Diets for Feedlot Cattle

• Dale A. Blasi
• Professor Kansas State University
• 9th International Seminar on Recent Advances
• In Feedlot Feeding

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Presentation Outline

• Introduction
• Ruminal Acidosis
• Etiology
• Management/Control
• Cottonseed Feed Product Applications for Feedlot
  Cattle
• Whole cottonseed
• Cottonseed byproducts
• Cottonseed hulls
• Cottonseed meal
• Gossypol and aflatoxin considerations
• Conclusions

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Primedia Publications
4
Largest food retailers in U.S. (2004 sales) Largest food retailers in U.S. (2004 sales) Largest food retailers in U.S. (2004 sales) Largest food retailers in U.S. (2004 sales) Largest food retailers in U.S. (2004 sales)
Company Stores Sales, billion ----- market share------ Supermarket All retail ----- market share------ Supermarket All retail
Wal-Mart Stores Inc. 1,712 115,096 25.2 18.1
The Kroger Co. 3,323 56,985 12.5 9.0
Albertsons Inc. 2,536 38,425 8.4 6.1
Safeway, Inc. 1,815 35,094 7.7 5.5
Costco Wholesale Group 382 28,287 6.2 4.5
First five 9,768 273,887 59.9 43.2
Superstars with food retail sections. Grocery sales. Sources Company reports and Food Marketing Institute. Superstars with food retail sections. Grocery sales. Sources Company reports and Food Marketing Institute. Superstars with food retail sections. Grocery sales. Sources Company reports and Food Marketing Institute. Superstars with food retail sections. Grocery sales. Sources Company reports and Food Marketing Institute. Superstars with food retail sections. Grocery sales. Sources Company reports and Food Marketing Institute.
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Retail Trends are Shaping Producer Trends

• Increased accountability
• Increased use of technology
• Decreased room for outliers
• Increased understanding of segments and
  operational practices
• Continued quality assurance enhancements

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Keys to Profitable Production

• Input costs
• Escalating fuel costs
• Feed input costs
• Cattle health
• Marketing considerations

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Incidence of Digestive Disorders and Treatment
Cost in US Feedlots
Disease Trt Cost, /hd
BRD 14.4 12.59
AIP 3.1 13.33
Digestive 1.9 6.19
Bullers 2.2 1.10
Lameness 1.9 7.68
CNS 0.4 11.50
Adapted from NAHMS (1999).
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The Ruminant Digestive Tract
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Acidosis - Etiology

• Increased ruminal starch fermentation
• Rapid growth of starch fermenting bacteria
• Increased production of VFA and lactate
• Increased osmolality of ruminal contents
• Decreased absorption of VFA and lactate
• Decreased ruminal pH
• Decreased growth of lactate utilizing bacteria
• Lysing of protozoa pH sensitive
• Decreased predation of bacteria
• Release of sequestered starch granules

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Acidosis - Etiology

• Acute Acidosis
• Ruminal pH between 4.0 and 5.0
• Off feed
• Rumenitis
• Liver abscesses
• Decreased performance
• Decreased blood pH
• Death

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Acidosis - Etiology

• Sub-Acute Acidosis
• Ruminal pH between 5.0 and 5.5 for extended
  period of time
• Off feed or erratic feed intakes
• Rumenitis
• Liver abscesses
• Decreased performance

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Acidosis - Factors

• Management
• Cattle disposition
• Flighty cattle at greater risk than tame cattle
• Meal size
• Smaller meals decrease risk
• Divide daily feed intake among multiple feedings
• Feed access
• Ad libitum greater risk than restricted
• Clean bunk management schemes might decrease risk
• However, clean bunk more management intensive

Adapted from Owens et al. 1998
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Acidosis - Factors

• Management (cont.)
• Step up program
• Gradual step up lower risk than rapid step up
  program
• Decreases amount of starch in each step up ration

Adapted from Owens et al. 1998
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Acidosis - Factors

• Diet Composition
• Concentrate level
• Increase concentrate level, increase risk
• Replacement of grain with fermentable by-products
  decreases risk
• Grain type
• Corn and sorghum lower risk than wheat
• Grain processing
• Whole lower risk than dry-rolled, steam-flaked,
  or high-moisture
• Chop length Rate of salivation

Adapted from Owens et al. 1998
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Acidosis - Factors

• Feed Additives
• Ionophores
• Select against lactate producing bacteria
• Can modify feed intake patterns
• Direct fed microbials
• Inoculation with Lactobacilli can stimulate
  growth of lactate fermenting bacteria
• Inoculation of Megasphaera elsdenii (ferments
  lactate)
• Can decrease ruminal lactate concentrations

Adapted from Owens et al. 1998
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Subclinical acidosis checklist and scale of risk Subclinical acidosis checklist and scale of risk Subclinical acidosis checklist and scale of risk
Danger scale Danger scale
Factor Low High
Management
Cattle disposition Tame Flighty
Meal size Small Huge
Feed access Limited Unlimited
Diet composition
Concentrate level 0 100
Grain Corn, Milo Wheat
Grain processing Whole Steam-flaked
Feed type Unfermented Fermented
DCAB Acid Basic
Additives
Ionophores Present Absent
Bicarbonate Present None
Fat Up to 8 None
Probiotics Lactobacilli None
Protozoal stimulants Present Absent
Protein level High Low
Thiamin Supplemented None
Virginiamycin Present Absent
Owens et al., 1998
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Feeding Value of Whole Cottonseed (WCS)

• Levels of 20 to 40 in feedlot and growing diets
  have previously been used.
• Marion et al., 1976 Hale et al., 1983Swingle et
  al., 1983

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Whole Cottonseed (WCS) feeding value

• No significant reduction in DM intake when WCS
  was included up to 25 of the ration although
  numerical decreases occurred in some studies
  (Coppock et al., 1987)
• Fat (ether extract) varies considerably in WCS
• Hale et al., (1983) compared five, 90
  concentrate diets for finishing steers with 0, 2
  fat or WCS at 10, 20 or 30/. The diet of 20 WCS
  showed a small advantage in daily gain and feed
  cost/kg of gain.

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Whole Cottonseed and Supplemental Fat

• Interaction of WCS and Supplemental fat
• Zinn and Plascencia, 1993
• The effect of adding WCS in rations containing 5
  supplemental fat was not additive
• Said another way, diet digestibility was not
  enhanced with WCS
• Supplemental fat might not be necessary when
  utilizing WCS

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Whole Cottonseed (WSC) Feeding Guidelines

• Feed only gin-run cottonseed
• Whole, non-delinted and untreated seed
• Feed only dry seeds that are not moldy
• Should be clean, free of foreign debrise, white
  to whitish grey in color and should rattle when
  shook.
• Grinding whole fuzzy WCS does not improve feeding
  value
• WCS should be hand-fed as it does not flow well
  through self-feeders and does not mix well

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Nutrient Composition of Cottonseed Meals processed by Different Methods Nutrient Composition of Cottonseed Meals processed by Different Methods Nutrient Composition of Cottonseed Meals processed by Different Methods Nutrient Composition of Cottonseed Meals processed by Different Methods Nutrient Composition of Cottonseed Meals processed by Different Methods
Solvent Methods Solvent Methods Solvent Methods Solvent Methods
Item Expeller Prepress Direct Expander
Dry matter, 91.4 89.9 90.4 90.9
Ash, 6.2 6.4 6.4 --
Crude fiber, 13.5 13.6 12.4 15.4
Ether extract, 3.7 .6 1.5 1.3
Crude protein, 41.0 41.4 41.4 40.7
Undegraded protein, 20.5 14.9 17.0 --
Cattle,
DE, Mcal/lb 1.45 1.44 1.48 --
ME, Mcal/lb 1.07 1.06 1.13 --
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Cotton Crushing Process
Cottonseed Hulls
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Nutrient composition of cottonseed and
by-products resulting from the cottonseed
crushing process
Nutrient Whole Cottonseed Cottonseed Meal Expander Solvent Extracted Cottonseed Hulls
Dry matter, 92 91 91
Crude protein, 23.0 45.2 4.1
NEm (Mcal/lb) 1.10 .83 .31
NEg (Mcal/lb) .76 .54 .07
TDN, 95 76 42
Acid detergent fiber, 20 17 64
Neutral detergent fiber, 40 -- 90
Crude fiber, 20.8 13.3 47.8
Ether extract, 17.50 1.6 1.7
Ash, 5.0 7.1 2.8
Calcium, 16 .18 .15
Phosphorus, .75 1.21 .09
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Cottonseed hulls - Introduction

• Cottonseed hulls are a palatable roughage source,
  and often are included in rations for incoming
  feeder calves
• Bulk density of hulls is low, and handling is
  therefore cumbersome.
• Hulls also are low in protein compared to
  traditional roughage sources such as alfalfa hay.
• Blending hulls with cottonseed meal and
  subsequently forming into pellets would offer
  advantages in terms of transportation, ease of
  handling, and protein content

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Cottonseed Hulls as a Source of Roughage
Fiber source Fiber source Fiber source Fiber source
Item CF SH OH CSH SEM
DMD, /h 6.3a 7.7b 0.8c 0.8c 0.3
Ruminal pH 5.85a 5.36b 6.25c 6.46d 0.055
a,b,c,dMeans in same row with uncommon
superscripts differ (P lt 0.05).
Adapted from Hsu et al. (1987).
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Objectives

• To compare health and performance of stressed
  feeder calves fed rations containing alfalfa hay
  or a pelleted mixture of cottonseed hulls and
  meal (65 hulls35 meal)

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Materials and methods

• 625 crossbred heifers from Kentucky and Tennessee
• Initial weight 488 lb.
• Ralgro, Bovishield, Fortress-7, Cydectin and
  Micotil on arrival.
• 12 pens of 48-55 heifers each.
• Diets were fed once daily.

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Experimental Diets - Dry Basis
Ingredient, Alfalfa Pelleted Hulls/Meal
Flaked corn 42.08 44.65
Alfalfa hay 40.00 --
Pelleted hulls/meal -- 40.00
Cottonseed meal 8.00 5.31
Molasses 6.00 6.00
Vit./min. premix 3.92 4.04
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Cottonseed Hulls/Meal vs Alfalfa in Diets for
Stressed Feeder Heifersa

• Pelleted CS Alfalfa
• Item Hull/Meal hay P
• No. Pens 12 12
• Daily gain (deads in) 2.15 2.22
  .83
• Dry matter intake, lb/d 11.8 10.7
  lt.01
• Feedgain (deads in) 5.61 4.78
  .27

aBlasi and Drouillard, 2000 625 head crossbred
heifers, avg wt 448 lbs 28 day receiving period
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Feed Intake of Alfalfa vs Cottonseed hull/meal
Pellet
Days on test
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Cottonseed Hulls/Meal vs Alfalfa in Diets for
Stressed Feeder Heifers

• Pelleted CS Alfalfa
• Item Hull/Meal hay P
• Mortality 3.19 1.92 .38
• Pulls, 48.8 45.3 .44
• Treat, 35.7 35.2 .89
• Retreat, 26.2 23.2 .38

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Summary

• Gain was similar for heifers fed the two diets.
• Heifers fed the pellets ate more feed, and tended
  to be less efficient.
• The percentages of heifers diagnosed and treated
  (or retreated) for respiratory disease were
  similar for the two diets.

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Cottonseed Meal (CSM)

• Introduced more than one century ago
• Compared to soybean meal (SBM), CSM has slightly
  lower crude protein and energy values, but amino
  acid digestibility is comparable although
  different processing methods can make results
  variable.
• Lysine and methionine levels in CSM is 2.01 and
  .62 vs 2.99 and .58, respectively in SBM

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Composition of experimental diets (Trials 1 and 2) Composition of experimental diets (Trials 1 and 2) Composition of experimental diets (Trials 1 and 2) Composition of experimental diets (Trials 1 and 2) Composition of experimental diets (Trials 1 and 2)
Cottonseed meal level, Cottonseed meal level, Cottonseed meal level, Cottonseed meal level,
Item 8.00 16.00 24.00 32.00
Ingredient composition, (DM basis)
Roughage (Alfalfa/Sundangrass hay) 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Steam-flaked corn 65.85 57.85 49.85 41.85
Cottonseed meal 8.00 16.00 24.00 32.00
Limestone 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Nutrient composition (DM basis)
NE, Mcal/kg
Maintenance 2.26 2.22 2.19 2.15
Grain 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48
Crude protein, 11.93 14.82 17.70 20.59
Ether extract, 7.13 6.89 6.66 6.43
ADF, 7.88 9.16 10.44 11.72
Yellow grease, molasses cane, limestone and TM
salt included at 4, 8, 1.5 and .5,
respectively. Zinn, et al., 1997.
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Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on growth performance of feedlot steers and net energy (NE) value of the diet (Trial 1)

Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal,
Item 8 16 16 24 24 32 32 SE
Days on test 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 --
Pen replicates 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 --
Live weight, kg
Initial 288.0 297.1 297.1 296.2 296.2 294.7 294.7 5.2
Final 496.7 496.6 496.6 485.5 485.5 479.9 479.9 6.5
Weight gain, kg/d 1.47 1.41 1.41 1.34 1.34 1.32 1.32 0.05
DM intake, kg/d 7.85 7.89 7.89 8.08 8.08 8.06 8.06 0.18
DM intake/gain 5.38 5.60 5.60 6.03 6.03 6.13 6.13 0.15
Observed/expected diet NE
Maintenance 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.01
Gain 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.01
Zinn, et al, 1997
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Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1) Influence of cottonseed meal level on carcass characteristics (Trial 1)
Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal, Level of cottonseed meal,
Item 8 16 24 32 SE
Carcass wt., kg 312.3 315.3 306.8 302.1 4.4
Dressing percentage 62.9 63.5 63.2 63.0 0.3
Longissimus area, cm2 78.2 79.6 78.6 77.8 1.0
Fat thickness, cm 1.08 1.18 1.03 1.17 0.09
KPH, 2.32 2.35 2.18 2.38 0.06
Marbling score, degree 3.66 3.84 3.46 3.62 0.10
Retail yield, 50.4 50.3 50.7 50.3 0.3
Liver abscess, 16.7 30.0 25.3 20.0 8.4
Zinn, et al, 1997
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Cottonseed Meal (CSM) - Implications

• NE values for maintenance and gain of prepress
  solvent extracted CSM are 1.88 and 1.24 mcal/kg
  when included at less than 16 of diet DM
• CSM should not exceed 16 of the ration dry
  matter basis

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Cottonseed Feed Byproduct Considerations

• Gossypol
• Aflatoxin

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Gossypol Levels Seen in Common Cottonseed Products Gossypol Levels Seen in Common Cottonseed Products Gossypol Levels Seen in Common Cottonseed Products
Product free gossypol Reference
Cottonseed Kernel 0.4 - 1.4 Altschul, et al., 1958
0.75 0.86 Cherry et al., 1978
0.39 1.7 Poris et al., 1953
Whole Cottonseed 0.47 0.63 Calhoun, 1989
Delinted Whole Cottonseed 0.47 0.53 Calculated
Cottonseed Meal
Screw Press 0.02 0.05 Berardi Goldblatt, 1980
0.04 NCPA, 1970
Prepress Solvent 0.02 0.07 Berardi Goldblatt, 1980
0.05 NCPA, 1970
Direct Solvent 0.1 0.5 Berardi Goldblatt, 1980
0.3 NCPA, 1970
Solvent (expander process) 0.06 0.1 Calhoun, 1989
Cottonseed Hulls 0.06 NCPA, unpublished data
Glandless Whole Cottonseed -- Calculated
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Factors Gossypol Toxicosis

• Source (cottonseed, cottonseed meal)
• Form of gossypol (free, band)
• Level (mg/lb/day)
• Duration of feeding
• Species
• Breed
• Age
• Stage of ruminal development
• Feed processing
• Feeding level
• Method of feeding

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Cottonseed feed products Aflatoxin
considerations

• To further elaborate, WCS destined for livestock
  feed should be
• Clean
• Free of foreign debris
• White to whitish grey in color and,
• Should rattle when shook
• Store seed at less than 10 moisture
• Forced air through the seed
• Shelter seed from environmental elements
• Russell, 1983

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Conclusions

• Full-fat (WCS) cottonseed can be used as a sole
  source of supplement fat.
• Cottonseed feed products are a viable option for
  supplemental protein and fiber in feedlot rations.

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Dale A. Blasi Kansas State University dblasi_at_ksu.
edu