Chemistry The Science in Context Chapter 1 Norton Media Library

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ChemistryThe Science in ContextChapter
1Norton Media Library
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Elements are the simplest form of pure substances
and consist of only one type of atom, e.g. gold,
graphite and diamond.
Classes and Properties of Matter
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Separations of substances by differences in
Physical Properties. Homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixture can be separated due to
differences in physical properties such as
density, melting point, boiling point,
solubility, etc.,.
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Chemical Changesbonds brokenbonds made.
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All matter is made up of either pure substances
or more commonly, mixture of pure substances.
A mixture contains more than one pure substance.
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Physical Separation of substances by filtration
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Distillation
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Problem 8 from Chapter 1. Which of the following
is a pure substance dry ice distilled
water aluminum can filtered sea water
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Aristotles view of Matter and Change.
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Law
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Cosmological Composition (see Dark Matter on
Wikipedia)
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Big Bang Tutorial
PC version
This animation explores the concept of the early
formation of matter and radioactive decay rates
within the context of the Big Bang.
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Wave Characteristics
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Light is electro/magnetic (EM) radiation
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Electromagnetic Radiation The mathematical
relationship between wavelength and frequency
is c ln c 2.998E8 m/s (speed of light
in a vacuum) l wavelength (in meters) (Greek
letter, lambda) n frequency (in s-1) (Greek
letter, nu)
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Electromagnetic Radiation Using the mathematical
relationship between wavelength and
frequency c ln Calculate the wavelength
associated with Montana Techs student radio
station, KMSM-FM which broadcasts at a frequency
of 107.1 MHz.
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Electromagnetic Radiation Tutorial
PC version
This tutorial explores the relationship of
frequency, wavelength, and energy using
animations, interactive graphs, and equations.
The quantitative exercises include graph reading
and calculations using Planks constant and the
speed of light.
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Properties of Light
Refraction the change in direction of a beam of
Electromagnetic Radiation (light) as it passes
from one medium into another.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Increasing energy and frequency (smaller
wavelength) Ephoton hn h (c/l)
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Electromagnetic Radiation Problem 30 Which
radiation is of great energy (Unit Joule) red
light emitted from some firework (l 671 nm), or
signals transmitted by a cellular telephone (n
1011 s-1)?
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Diffraction of light waves. Light waves passing
through the pinholes can constructively or
destructively interfere with one another
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Light Diffraction Tutorial
PC version
This animation recreates Thomas Youngs
double-slit experiment and demonstrates how
constructive and destructive interference occur.
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Fraunhofer Lines (dark) in the Solar Spectrum
Shifts to lower energies (red-shift) of these
lines suggested to Hubble et al. that more
distance galaxies were moving away more rapid.
This would be the expected result assuming the
universe began with the Big Bang
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• Redshift calculations
• Using wavelength
• Using frequency v/c
• ? represents the longer wavelength and ?
  represents the lower frequency (otherwise the
  calc. results are negative

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Doppler Effect Tutorial
PC version
A boat moving with or against the direction of
wave movement demonstrates the motion-induced
shifts in wavelengths and frequency that are
examples of the Doppler effect.
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Doppler Effect and red-shifts Problem 31 A
physics professor was ticketed for going through
a red light (l 700 nm). In court, the
professor claimed that the Doppler Effect made
the light seem green (l 550 nm) due to the
speed he was traveling toward the light. At what
speed would the professor need to have been
traveling in order to observe this amount of
wavelength shift?
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Try this Example Problem

• A spectral line for atomic hydrogen (H) is known
  to occur at 485 nm. Studying the stars in a
  distant galaxy, it is noted that the spectral
  line now appears at 558 nm ( a shift to longer
  wavelength). At what percentage of c is the
  galaxy moving away from earth? What is the
  velocity of the galaxy relative to earth?

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Dimensional Analysis Tutorial
PC version
Learn to keep track of the units associated with
numerical values. The tutorial includes worked
examples and interactive practice problems.
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Significant Figures Tutorial
Review the rules for assigning significant
figures and walk through sample calculations. A
series of interactive practice exercises ask you
to express answers to addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division problems in
significant figures.
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Unit Conversion. Often to solve physical or
engineering problems we must convert between
various units of measure. Problem 37 An Olympic
mile is actually 1500 m. What percentage is an
Olympic mile of a real mile (5280 ft)? (1 inch
2.54 cm) Answer 93.2
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Unit Conversion Dimensional Analysis. Often to
solve physical or engineering problems we must
convert between various units of measure to
obtain the answer. Units in the question should
algebraically cancel to give the units of the
answer. Problem 40 The level of water in a
rectangular swimming pool needs to be lowered 6.0
inches. If the pool is 40. ft long and 16. ft
wide, and the water is pumped out at a rate of
5.2 gal/min., how long will the pumping take? 1
ft3 7.48 gal Answer 7.7 hrs.
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Accuracy versus Precision in making
Measurements. These terms are commonly misused
by even working engineers
Accurate and precise
Precise but inaccurate
Imprecise and inaccurate
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The volume change corresponds to the volume of
the solid. Knowing the mass, the density of the
solid can be calculated.
Density mass/vol Density is an intrinsic
property of matter
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Scientific Notation Tutorial
PC version
This tutorial explains how to use scientific
notation to express very large and very small
numbers, and how to easily convert back-and-forth
between decimal numbers and scientific notation.
Includes practice exercises.
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Temperature scales the Big Bang
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Temperature scales Conversions
C 5/9(F 32) F 9/5(C) 32 K C
273.15
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Temperature Scales Tutorial
PC version
Practice converting between Fahrenheit, Celsius,
and Kelvin temperature scales. The tutorial
includes practice exercises.
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Radioactive half-lives of neutrons
01n ? 11p -10e ne t½ 12 min
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Radioactive half-lives of neutrons
The time interval in which half of any
radioactive substance decay is call the half-life
(t½)
At A0(0.5)n
A0 is the initial amount of material, and At is
the amount remaining after n half-lives.
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Radioactive half-lives Calculations (Problem 61
in the text)
At A0(0.5)n
A radioactive isotope of the element cobalt,
60Co, is used in hospital radiation therapy
units. It has a half-life of 5.26 years. If a
hospital install a new source 60Co on January
1st, how much will remain at the end of May (i.e.
180 days later). Answer 93.7
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Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are nuclides of
the same element (hydrogen). Tritium is a
radioactive nuclide of hydrogen and has a
half-life of 12.26 years.
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Average Atomic Mass Chap. Problem 67 Naturally
occurring copper contains a mixture of three
isotopes of copper 69.09 copper-63 (62.298
amu) and 30.91 copper-65 (64.9278 amu). What is
the average atomic mass for copper. Answer 63.55
amu
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Fall 2004 Exam
23. (4 points) The average atomic mass of zinc is
65.39 amu. Given the data in the table below,
what is the natural abundance of 66Zn? Isotope
Exact mass (amu) Natural abundance()
64Zn 63.9291 48.89 66Zn 65.9260 ?
67Zn 66.9271 4.11 68Zn 67.9249 18.56
70Zn 69.9253 0.62 a. 27.81 b.
0.2781 c.50.00 d. 2.781
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• This concludes the Norton Media Libraryslide
  set for chapter 1ChemistryThe Science in
  Context byThomas Gilbert,Rein V. Kirss,
  Geoffrey Davies