Cholesterol:

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Cholesterol A marker for the presence of
animal material in feed
Christopher J. Silva USDA ARS 800 Buchanan
street Abany, CA 94710 January 17, 2003
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• Properties of cholesterol
• Small stable molecule
• Essential for animal cells
• Present in all animal cells
• Neutral lipid precursor to hormones and
  bile salts
• MW 386
• High concentration in brain
• Found in high concentration in organ
  material
• Found in trace amounts in plants

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Food
Cholesterol (mg)   Beef brain
1422 Beef brain (veal) 1352 Lamb
brain 1149 Pig brain 1866 Kidney
(beef) 242 Liver (beef) 301 Liver
(lamb) 315 Liver (pork) 256 Liver
(veal) 262 Thymus (beef) 190 Thymus
(veal) 227 Heart(beef) 119 Heart(lamb)
115 Tripe 81 Chicken, turkey, no skin,
cooked 84 Beef, Lamb, Pork, Veal Cooked,
Lean only 80 Butter 180   Source
Webdietitian (www.webdietitian.com)
Cholesterol content of some animal material (85 g
portion)
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Sterol   Oil Source Ch Br Ca St b-Si
D5-Av D7-St D7-Av Cocoa butter 2 lt 0.5
9 26 59 3 1 lt 0.5 Coconut 1 lt 0.5 8
13 58 14 6 Coffee seed lt 0.5 lt 0.5 19
20 54 6 1 lt 0.5 Corn oil lt 0.5 lt 0.5 23
6 66 4 1 lt 0.5 Cottonseed lt 0.5 lt 0.5 4
1 93 2 lt 0.5 lt 0.5 Kapok lt 0.5 9 2 86
2 1 Linseed 1 lt 0.5 29
9 46 13 2 Olive (France) 2
1 91 2 4 lt 0.5 Olive (Italy) 3
1 84 12 lt 0.5 lt 0.5 Palm 1 lt 0.5 14
8 74 2 1 Palm Kernal 3 lt 0.5 9
11 70 6 1 lt 0.5 Peanut lt 0.5 lt 0.5 15
9 64 8 3 1 Rapeseed (Canola) lt 0.5
10 25 lt 0.5 58 2 5 Rice Bran lt 0.5 lt
0.5 28 15 49 5 1 2 Safflower,
linoleic-rich lt 0.5 13 9 52 1 20
3 Safflower, oleic-rich 15 10 52 1
15 5 Sesame 19 10 62 7 2
Soybean lt 0.5 lt 0.5 20 20 53 3 3
1 Sunflower 8 8 60 4 15
4 Wheat Germ lt 0.5 lt 0.5 22 lt 0.5 67 6 3
2 Ch (Cholesterol) Br (Brassicasterol) Ca
(Campesterol) St (Stigmasterol) b-Si
(b-Sitosterol) D5-Av (D5-Avensterol) D7-St
(D7-Stigmastenol) D7-Av (D7-Avensterol)
Jeong TM, Itoh T, Tamura T, Matsumoto T. Lipids
10 634-40, 1975
Sterols found in vegetable oils

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Simplified representation of cholesterol
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Plant sterols
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• Cholesterol as a marker for the presence of
  animal material
•  
• Analysis requires typical analytical
  chemistry equipment
• Independent of the temperature of the
  rendering process
• Measures presence of animal material,
  regardless of source
• Can be used for consumer protection
• Indirect indicator of animal protein
• Present in plant material at low levels
•  

Cholesterol as a marker
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Mass spectrum of cholesterol
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• 50g of sample extracted with organic solvent
• Extract concentrated
• Extract partially purified by chromatography
• Sterol fraction subject to GC/MS analysis

Analysis of sterol fraction from each sample
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  Material Sterols (mg/kg)   Bone
meal 780 Press 320 crack 430 Meat and Bone
meal 140 Canola meal 92 Linseed meal
70 Cotton seed meal 560 Soybean meal 110 Dairy
16 550 20 Corn gluten 8 Soybean
hulls 190 Cotton seed hulls 22
Total free sterol content of various feed
components
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w/o MBM
1 MBM
MS analysis of cotton seed meal /- MBM
12
w/o MBM
1 MBM
MS analysis of canola meal /- MBM
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w/o MBM
1 MBM
MS analysis of soybean meal /- MBM
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Feed components
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Ruminant feed containing animal fats
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• The following protein products derived from
  mammals are exempt
•  
• Blood and blood products
• Gelatin
• Milk products (milk and milk proteins)
• Pure porcine (pork)
• Pure equine (horse) protein
• Inspected meat products, such as plate
  waste, which have been cooked and offered for
  human food and further heat processed for
  animal feed
•  
• The following non-mammalian protein products are
  exempt
•  
• Poultry
• Marine (fish)
• Vegetable
•  
• The following are also exempt because they are
  not protein or tissue
•  
• Amino acids
• Dicalcium phosphate

Animal material permitted in ruminant feed
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• Animal Protein Products
•  
• Blood Meal
• Casein
• Fish Meal
• Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
• Meat Bone Meal (Porcine or Equine)
• Whey
•  
• Roughage Products
•  
• Citrus Pulp
• Corn Cobs
• Cottonseed Hulls
• Oat Hulls
• Peanut Hulls
• Rice Hulls
• Soybean Hulls
•  

• Processed Grain By-Products
•  
• Aspirated Grain Fractions
• Brewers Dried Grains
• Corn Gluten Feed
• Corn Gluten Meal
• Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
• Rice Bran
• Wheat Midds
• Hominy Feed
•  
• Forage Products
•  
• Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal
• Ground Alfalfa Hay
• Dehydrated Silage
• Lespedeza Meal
• Soybean Hay

• Plant Protein Products
•  
• Canola Meal
• Cottonseed Meal
• Linseed Meal
• Peanut Meal
• Sunflower Meal
• Soybean Meal
• Yeast Products
•  
• Grain Products
•  
• Corn
• Barley
• Oats
• Wheat
• Rice