Chapter 9 Counterterrorist Measures

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Chapter 9Counterterrorist Measures

• Informative complex chapter
• Lots of testable information
• Final will test your knowledge of chapters - not
  all potential questions will be emphasized on
  slides
• Chapter 9 - Major Trends in Counterterrorism

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Chapter 9Things We Wont Discuss

• Raid on Libya
• Covert Military Operations
• Examples - Benefits - Drawbacks
• Special Operations Forces of the U.S., Great
  Britain, or Israel
• FBIs HRT or Department of Energys NEST
• Chemical biological weapons response

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Chapter 9Counterterrorist Measures

• Terrorism threatens security stability of
  democracies
• Countermeasures not always effective
• Most visible U.S. countermeasure -Department of
  Homeland Security
• Basically 3 stages of counterterrorist measures

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Chapter 9Counterterrorist Measures3 Stages of
Actions

• Deterrence - Stop it before it happens
• If deterrence fails
• Use available forces to counter the threat -
  hostage negotiators, elite military forces,
  preemptive or retaliatory measures
• LE/CJ actions, locate, apprehend, prosecute,
  convict, detain punish

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3 Stages Counterterrorist Measures Stage One -
Deterrence

• Deter terrorist acts before they occur - Security
  Measures
• 1. Tighten security at key targets
• Airports, Nuclear facilities, Critical industry
  or Infrastructure -- Examples?
• 2. Public awareness program
• 3. Effective intelligence
• 4. Find and manage the causes of terrorism

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Deterrence Measures Security Measures

• Prevention Actions - Limit opportunity
• Intrusion detection systems
• Barriers, panic alarms
• Uniformed, highly visible guards
• The Downside
• Questions of what to protect
• Issues of expense who pays
• Inconvenience to the innocent
• Unnoticed shifts to easier targets

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Counterterrorist MeasuresSecurity Measures Air
Travel Security Issues

• Technology-enhanced explosive material screening
  at airports
• Hand-carried, checked baggage mail and cargo
  checks too
• Detection of high density plastic (guns)
• Sky marshals on selected flights
• Use of close-circuit TV monitors
• Detailed check of passports (no-fly list)
• Arm aircrews - lock cockpit doors

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Counterterrorist MeasuresDeterrence Measures
Public Awareness Programs

• Homeland Securitys color-coded terrorist threat
  alert system
• Public Sense of proactive measures
• Active steps -- Buy duct tape plastic sheets
• Condition Orange - Generates actions
• Forecasts (capacity-frequency-intensity)
• May actually reduce fear - imagined, unknown
  usually worse
• Info about group motives - Reduce mystery
• Downside of publicity?

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Terrorist Groups want secrecy - Why?
• Create violent situations - catch us unprepared
• Force police into unplanned actions
• Capitalize on unexpected tactics
• Disperse security response personnel
• Create illusion of strength power
• Operate in cells - secrecy security

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Intelligence seeks info on terrorist structure,
  methods, personnel, targets objectives
• To get past the secrecy, Intel uses
• Covert operator - informant, double-agent
• Dangerous difficult, especially with current
  terrorists - recruits carefully screened -
  example
• If intel cant get in - attempt to compromise
  someone already on the inside - PIRA
• Types of useful intelligence

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Types of useful intelligence
• Political intelligence - support ideology
• Military intelligence - What weapons do they
  have, use, want? Capabilities, bases, training
  sites, force size? Readiness to use force?
• Economic intelligence - Financial resources -
  where, how do they get operating capital?
• Narcotics other illegal activities, robbery,
  kidnappings ransom, individual or state
  contributors, charities

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Using economic intelligence
• 9/24/01 Presidential order freezing U.S. assets
  of terrorists, terrorist organizations sponsors
  - 200 affected so far - FTO list critical
• Secretly tapping into global database of
  confidential financial transactions for nearly
  five years -- Looking at international money
  transfers
• Track the locations, identities and activities of
  suspected terrorists supporters

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Types of useful intelligence
• Scientific Technical Intelligence
• Monitor development availability of new
  weapons/technology
• Capability to acquire/use WMD
• Hundreds of lbs of weapons-grade uranium
  plutonium have disappeared and remain unaccounted
  for
• bin Laden was trying to get both a chemical
  biological weapons program in Afghanistan

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Counterterrorist Measures Deterrence Measures
Intelligence Functions

• Intelligence Information Cycle
• 1. Collect Info - Difficult, dangerous, questions
  of accuracy timeliness
• 2. Analysis of Info - Is it relevant reliable?
• 3. Disseminate info - Major weakness pre 9/11
• FBI CIA not allowed to share intelligence -
  fear of domestic spying (history)
• Classification issues, vetting, accurate threat
  analysis, useable form for decision-makers

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• Crisis Reaction Response
• Improving hostage negotiation skills
• Training use of elite military units
• Quick reaction force
• Preemptive or retaliatory strikes to prevent
  attacks or to punish terrorists
• Preemptive - Hit them before they hit US targets
  or personnel
• Retaliatory - Hit them so hard they never can or
  will never want to hit us again

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• Preemptive or Retaliatory Strikes
• Guiding example Israeli attacks on suspected
  terrorist strongholds in Palestine
• 1984 U.S. Policy - not used until after 9/11
• Wars in Afghanistan Iraq
• Moral ambiguity - deaths of innocents questions
  of disproportionate use of force
• Israeli strikes into Lebanon
• U.S. war in Iraq

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• Effects of using retaliatory/preemptive force
• One argument Invitation to terrorists to up
  the ante bolsters al Qaeda argument, U.S. is
  against all Muslims
• Opposing argument Shows resolve - U.S. not
  passive victim - There is a cost if you attack us
  - dont harbor terrorists
• After 9/11, broad support for retaliatory attack
  on Taliban and al Qaeda bases

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• War in Iraq more problematical - Preemptive not
  retaliatory strike
• Faulty or manufactured intelligence
• Aftermath of war in both Afghanistan and Iraq
• Pulled forces attention from Afghanistan -
  Taliban forces staging a comeback
• Inadequate force structure in Iraq encouraged
  insurgency - Is Civil War next?
• Did U.S. squander worldwide support?
• Capability to deal with Iran No. Korea
• Retaliation Preemption remain U.S. policy

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• Use of the National Guard
• Overseas or International Role
• Call-up to Federal Service in Iraq Afghanistan
• Deploying filling in for deployed forces
• Domestic Role
• Help LE agencies in emergency situations
• Airport Security SLC Winter Olympics
• Border Security - Issues of Posse Comitatus

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage 2 - Using
Available Forces

• Issue of Posse Comitatus
• 1878 Law prohibiting use of federal military
  forces participation in frontline law
  enforcement activities, such as arrest, search,
  seizure, surveillance, or pursuit of suspected or
  convicted felons
• National Strategy for Homeland Security says
  military forces can be used for
• Homeland Defense Missions
• Emergency Response
• Limited scope support for special events
• Technical support to LE to restore law order

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Counterterrorist Measures 3 Stages - Stage
ThreeCriminal Justice Actions

• Locate, apprehend, prosecute, convict the
  terrorist or terrorists
• Negotiate international antiterrorist treaties
• Overflight authorizations, arrest questioning,
  extradition, prisons
• Enact antiterrorist laws
• USA Patriot Act

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• International agreements to prevent or suppress
  terrorism
• Most controversial is extradition - U.S.
  political exception rule - IRA example
• However, secret European prisons, extraordinary
  rendition possible torture of U.S. prisoners in
  foreign lands are controversial issues as well
• International conventions issues remain

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• Typical emergency LE/CJ legislation
• National ID cards - all must carry
• Control on firearms - ammo - explosives
• Special courts to try suspects
• Harsher penalties for terrorist acts
• Arrest questions without charges, search
  homes/vehicles without warrants
• Curb free speech right to assemble

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• U.S. Antiterrorism Effective Death Penalty
  (ATEDP) Act - 1996 - reaction to OKC bombing
• Special court, secret evidence, deport
  noncitizens accused of terrorist associations
• Executive Branch power to criminalize
  fund-raising conducted by terrorist organizations
• FBI can monitor First Amendment protected
  activities (marches, rallies, conferences, even
  if no evidence of criminal activity)
• Bar aliens based on association with terrorist
  groups
• Expanded use of pretrial detention loosen
  wiretap restrictions

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• Patriot Act Highlights
• Expanded electronic intelligence gathering
• Police can monitor wide variety of communications
  media
• Federal agencies to share non-criminal data
• Private corps. to share data with Feds.
• FBI can seize public/private material if national
  security at risk - they decide
• FBI to interact with banks arrest authority
  outside US for financing terrorist activities
• Border patrols monitoring of foreign nationals
• Detention of suspected terrorists
• Proponents Needed so we can fight terrorists

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• Critics of Patriot Act other actions
• Incompatible with core civil and individual
  rights
• Especially concerned with govt.s right to
  monitor activities of ordinary Americans
• Military tribunals, national ID card suggestions,
  racial (religious profiling), police spying on
  domestic groups, free speech issues
• Dershowitz Poland We must maintain our
  preference for liberty even in the face of the
  most pressing claims of security

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Counterterrorist Measures Stage Three - LE/CJ
Actions

• Nations typically respond to terrorism by
  strengthening laws enacting new ones
• However
• Detention without trial, warrant-less searches
  seizures, establishment of special courts,
  other extreme legal measures should be used with
  great caution

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Chapter 9Counterterrorist Measures

• Questions?