Computers and Medical Technology

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Computers and Medical Technology

• The Future of Computers in Medicine

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• Angel Colandrea
• Kevin Goncalves
• Brittani Cotton

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Introduction

• Computers and Technology are revolutionizing the
  world of Medicine daily, and can be used in the
  following areas
• Robotic surgeries
• Electronic Medical Records
• Personal Digital Asistants
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Computer Motion

• Computer Motion develops and manufactures
  products for what it refers to as the
  "Intelligent Operating Room", including medical
  computers and robots.
• founded in 1989 by Dr. Yulan Wang, now the
  company's Chief Technical Officer and Executive
  Vice-President.
• Goal was to revolutionize technology and improve
  patients lives.

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Aesop

• Computer Motions first major product.
• A robotic system used for holding an endoscopic
  camera in minimal invasive surgery.
• Like a third arm for surgeon.
• Operated by foot pedals
• Solved problems due to hand tremors.
• In 1994, the AESOP 1000 system became the world's
  first surgical robot certified by the FDA in the
  US.
• Problems new users had to look down at the
  pedals before they could adjust them.

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Aesop (cont.)

• Motion followed with AESOP 2000 in 1996, with the
  enhancement of voice control, and in 1998, the
  AESOP 3000, which has 7 degrees of freedom, and
  provides more flexibility in how surgical doctors
  and nurses can position the endoscope.
• By 1999, over 80,000 surgical procedures have
  been performed using AESOP technology.

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Zeus

• First Prototype demonstrated in 1995 by Computer
  Motion.
• Holds 28 robotic instruments. The surgeon can sit
  comfortably at a master console and control
  instruments using a pair of master manipulators.
• Advantages
• The fatigue factor is substantially reduced as
  the surgeon is seated and does not have to
  constantly hold onto the instruments.
• The robotic instruments follow the surgeon's
  motion while filtering out tremors. With motion
  scaling, they can also execute micro-movements
  which may be humanly impossible.
• With robotic instruments, the incisions needed
  are even smaller than with previous MIS
  instruments, leading to less trauma on the
  patients and hence shorter recovery times.

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Zeus (cont.)
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Zeus (cont.)
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Intuitive Surgical

• Formed in 1995 based on research acquired at the
  Stanford Research Institute International.
• With over 210 devices in use throughout the
  United States, Europe, and Japan, Intuitive
  Surgical is the leading company in digital
  surgery.
• Collaborated with MIT, IBM Corporation, Heartport
  Inc., Olympus Optical, Ethicon Endo-Surgery,
  Johnson and Johnson Company, and Medtronic Inc.
• Came up with the da Vinci System.

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The da Vinci System

• There are four main components to the system
• The surgeon console
• Pateint side cart
• EndoWrist instruments
• And Insite Vision System with 3D endoscope and
  Image Processing Equipment.
• The surgeon sits several feet away from the
  patient operating table, he has his hands in the
  main system interface and watches his work in 3D
  real-time progression.
• The side cart contains the robotic arms that
  directly contact the patient.
• The EndoWrist Instruments allow the robotic arms
  to move in a way that simulates human movement.
  They also move in full circles- an advantage over
  non-robotic arms.
• The camera unit provides 3D enhanced images. It
  includes real-time high magnofication, high
  resolution images of the inside of the patient.
• Video

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The da Vinci System (cont.)

• Benefits of Robotics in surgery
• Improved Patient Outcomes
• Reduced trauma to the body
• Reduced blood loss and need for transfusions
• Less post-operative pain and discomfort
• Less risk of infection
• Shorter hospital stay
• Faster recovery and return to normal daily
  activities
• Less scarring and improved cosmesis

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The da Vinci System (cont.)
Detachable instruments
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The da Vinci System (cont.)
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Electronic Medical Records

• Electronic medical record systems allow medical
  practices to manage all the information collected
  for their patients electronically, protecting the
  safety of the information and improving the
  efficiency of the practice.
• Cost of buying paper, folders, charts, ink, etc.
• Storage space
• Saves time

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Electronic Medical Records (cont.)

• Improves efficiency
• Less employees can do the same job
• Decrease in lost revenue
• Ensures complete documentation for every patient
  (physicians can easily fully document every
  note.)
• Improves patient care with improved chart
  quality, reminders, maintenance, and medical
  management.

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Electronic Prescriptions

• A significant problem in current medical practice
  is the rate of error in prescriptions. The single
  greatest reason for this is error in
  communication. A pharmacist may not be able to
  accurately read the writing of a a doctor even if
  it is reasonably clear. For example, 20 units
  written as "20u" could easily be misunderstood as
  "200" units.
• Statistics
• 17 error rate in outpatient clinics
• 24 error rate in new prescriptions
• 10 error rate in refills
• Total error rate in handwritten prescriptions is
  34
• Total error rate in electronic prescriptions is
  4
• Also ensures patient information (such as
  allergies, history of the patient) is not looked
  over.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Advances in medical technology are allowing for
  better diagnostic tools such as higher resolution
  MRI.
• There is a horizontal tube running through the
  magnet from front to back, known as the bore of
  the magnet. The patient lies on his back and
  slides into the bore on a special table. Once the
  body part to be scanned is in the exact center of
  the magnetic field, the scan can begin. MRIs use
  radio waves and pulses of energy, the MRI scanner
  can pick out a very small point inside the
  patient's body and determine the type of tissue.
  The MRI system goes through the patient's body
  point by point, building up a 2-D or 3-D map of
  tissue types. It then integrates all of this
  information together to create 2-D images or 3-D
  models.

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MRIs (cont.)