From the 1960s to the 1980s

1
From the 1960s to the 1980s

• Student Movement
• Anti-war Movement
• Feminist Movement
• Watergate
• Recession and Oil Crisis
• New Conservatism
• End of the Cold War
• The Culture Wars

2
New Social Movements Chronology
1962 Port Huron Statement Rachel Carson,
Silent Spring 1963 Betty Friedan, The Feminine
Mystique March on Washington Kennedy
assasinated, Lyndon Johnson President 1964 Civil
Rights Act of 1964 Free Speech movement at
Berkeley Freedom Summer Harlem
riots 1965 Malcolm X assasinated Voting Rights
Act Immigration Reform Act Watts riot Ralph
Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed 1966 National
Organization for Women organized Black Panther
Party Founded 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr.
assasinated Democratic National Convention in
Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss
America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall
riot Indians of All Nations occupy Alcatraz
island Fred Hampton murdered by FBI
3
Civil Rights Events
1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1955 Rosa Parks
and Montgomery Bus Boycott 1960 Greensboro
sit-ins 1961 Freedom Rides 1963 Birmingham
protests 1964 Freedom Summer 1965 Selma marches
- the last great integrated Civil Rights event
4
ML King speech in Montgomery, Alabama December
5, 1955
Just the other day, just last Thursday to be
exact, one of the finest citizens in Montgomery
(Amen)--not one of the finest Negro citizens
(That's right) but one of the finest citizens in
Montgomery--was taken from a bus (Yes) and
carried to jail and arrested (Yes) because she
refused to get up to give her seat to a white
person. (Yes, That's right) Now the press would
have us believe that she refused to leave a
reserved section for Negroes, (Yes) but I want
you to know this evening that there is no
reserved section. (All right) The law has never
been clarified at that point. (Hell no) Now I
think I speak with, with legal authority--not
that I have any legal authority, but I think I
speak with legal authority behind me (All
right)--that the law, the ordinance, the city
ordinance has never been totally clarified.
(That's right) We are here, we are here this
evening because we're tired now. (Yes) Applause
And I want to say, that we are not here
advocating violence. (No) We have never done
that. (Repeat that, Repeat that) Applause I
want it to be known throughout Montgomery and
throughout this nation (Well) that we are
Christian people. (Yes) Applause We believe in
the Christian religion. We believe in the
teachings of Jesus. (Well) The only weapon that
we have in our hands this evening is the weapon
of protest. (Yes) Applause That's all.
5
Malcom X on MLK
The white man pays Reverend Martin Luther King,
subsidizes Reverend Martin Luther King, so that
reverend Martin Luther King can continue to teach
the negro to be defenseless. Thats what you
mean by non-violencebe defenseless. Be
defenseless in the face of one of the most cruel
beasts that has ever taken a people into
captivity. Thats the american white
man. Rejects non-violent philosophy as
innapropriate to minority Gandhi was a big
dark elephant sitting on a little white mouse.
King is a little black mouse sitting on top of a
big white elephant.
6
Use for exam question
Many historians consider the civil rights
movement the most important social movement in
the twentieth century US history. What were its
successes and failures? Compare and contrast
Martin Luther Kings and Malcolm Xs views of the
civil rights movement as examples.
7
Counterculture and the New Left Chronology

• New Left - named in contrast to the old left of
  1930s, rejected both Stalinism and McCarthyism,
  believed in social democracy, influenced by the
  civil rights movement
• Students for Democratic Society - broad
  democratic student movement, concerned with
  poverty, civil rights, antiwar protest
• The Free Speech Movement - privileged students
  critiqued the hypocrisy of the univeristy
  system, influenced by the Beats, civil rights
• The Antiwar Movement - against the war in
  Vietnam, initially students, but then became
  broader, included working class and minorities
• Counterculture - cultural expression of the New
  Left, encompassed rock music, sexual revolution,
  groups like hippies, Yippies
• Important events
• 1962 Port Huron Statement by SDS
• 1964 Free Speech Movement at Berkeley
• 1967 Summer of Love at Haight-Ashbury, San
  Fransisco
• 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago
• 1969 Woodstock
• SDS self-destructs and fragments the
  Weathermen formed as a splinter group

8
Port Huron Statement, Students for Democratic
Society, 1962
As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated
by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the
permeating and victimizing fact of human
degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle
against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from
silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact
of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of
the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves,
and our friends, and millions of abstract
"others" we knew more directly because of our
common peril, might die at any time. A new left
must consist of younger people who matured in the
postwar world, and partially be directed to the
recruitment of younger people. A new left must
include liberals and socialists, the former for
their relevance, the latter for their sense of
thoroughgoing reforms in the system. A new left
must start controversy across the land, if
national policies and national apathy are to be
reversed.
9
Hippies Haight-Ashbury scene, San Francisco,
1960s
10
Chicago Democratic Convention, 1968
11
Students for Democratic Society poster, 1972
12
Use for exam question
Historians believe that youth culture did not
emerge as a major cultural phenomenon in the
United States until the post-World War II era.
Using at least two examples, explain in what ways
youth culture was central to political and
economic life in the U.S. in this period.
13
Cold War - Vietnam War Chronology
1961 Bay of Pigs 1962 Port Huron
Statement Cuban Missile Crisis 1963 Betty
Friedan, The Feminine Mystique March on
Washington Kennedy assasinated, Lyndon Johnson
President 1964 Free Speech movement at
Berkeley Freedom Summer Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution 1965 Malcolm X assasinated 1966 Nationa
l Organization for Women organized Black
Panther Party Founded 1968 Tet offensive Martin
Luther King, Jr. assasinated Democratic
National Convention in Chicago Richard Nixon
elected president Miss America Beauty Pageant
protest 1969 Stonewall riot Indians of All
Nations occupy Alcatraz island 1970 The Ohio
National Guard kills four students at Kent
State 1972 Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment
(not ratified by states) 1973 Paris peace
agreement ends war in Vietnam for America
14
Vietnam War map
15
Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of
General Nguy?n Ng?c Loan executing Nguy?n Van
Lém, a Viet Cong officer.
16
My Lai massacre
17
US Soldiers testimony, Dellums Committee
Hearings on War Crimes in Vietnam
BARNES I think that most of the high cmnd knew
about the things that were happening and the "
reasons that they didn't say too much about it or
nothing was processed through about it was that
the main thing was that the object was to go into
Vnam, and the object was to most of the high
cmnd, it was to kill. That was the thing. To come
in and - I don't mean destroy in the sense of the
word which is what they did really, but if a
couple of civilians got in the way, "Thats not a
big matter. Thats the price of war." Thats how
they considered it. If they heard of mass murders
usually it was an overpass, and it didn't have
too much effect, that type of thing. They didn't
care about it. They didn't have no feelings for
the people at all.
18
US News Reports of the Tet Offensive
19
Jane Fonda in North Vietnam in 1972
20
AntiWar Protests in San Fransco - from pickets to
violence
21
Kent State, May 4, 1970 - National Guard
22
John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of
Mary Ann Vecchio, a fourteen-year-old runaway,
kneeling over the dead or dying body of Jeffrey
Miller, shot in the mouth by an unknown Ohio
National Guardsman. 70 - Student Killed
23
Use for exam question
Between 1945 and 2008 the United States conducted
several military actions, open and covert, aimed
to bring democracy to various world nations. How
successful were these democratization projects?
Discuss at least two campaigns as examples.
24
Women in Labor Force, 1940-1987
1940 1950 1960 1970 1987 Millions 13.8 17.8
22.5 31.2 53.0 Percentage Employed Single 48 46
43 51 65 Married 17 23 32 40 56 With
children 6 NA 12 19 30 57 6-17 NA 28 39 49 71
25
Batgirl Equal Pay Act commercial 1963
26
Miss America Beauty Pageant Protest, Atlantic
City, NJ, September 1969
27
Feminist Movements - Gains and Losses
1963 Equal Pay Act - prohibits wage
discrimination based on sex in jobs requiring
skill, effort, and ability 1964 Civil Rights Act
- makes discrimination on grounds of race, creed,
country of origin illegal Title VII, barring
discrimination on basis of sex, originally
added as a joke, to stop the bill, but adopted
under pressure from womens movement 1966
National Organization of Women (Friedan
founded) 1972 Equal Rights Amendment passed by
Congress, but fails ratification 1973 Roe v.
Wade - prevents thousands of women from dying
each year during illegal abortions 1974 Equal
Credit Opportunity Act - prohibited banks to
discriminate on the basis of sex number of women
in college up 45, but national system of day
care fails
28
Use for exam question
Historians have argued that the feminist movement
may have been the most successful of the new
social movements of the 1960s. Describe how the
women's movement between 1877 and 1960s led up to
the rise of feminism, then analyze the
achievements and losses of the feminist movement
in the 1960s and 1970s.
29
Watergate Chronology
1968 Tet offensive Martin Luther King, Jr.
assasinated Democratic National Convention in
Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss
America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall
riot Indians of All Nations occupy Alcatraz
island 1970 The Ohio National Guard kills four
students at Kent State 1972 Congress passes Equal
Rights Amendment (not ratified by
states) Break-in at the National Democratic
Convention 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in
Vietnam for America 1974 President Nixon resigns
30
National security blanket
31
Nixons Im not a crook speech
32
Washington Post on Nixons Not a crook speech
Washington Post, Sunday, November 18, 1973 Page
A01 Orlando, Fla, Nov. 17 -- Declaring that "I
am not a crook," President Nixon vigorously
defended his record in the Watergate case tonight
and said he had never profited from his public
service. "I have earned every cent. And in all
of my years of public life I have never
obstructed justice," Mr. Nixon said. "People
have got to know whether or not their President
is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned
everything I've got."
33
Not a crook
34
President Nixon Quits, 1974
35
New Conservatism

• Democrats discredited
• Jimmy Carter
• Iran Hostage Crisis
• The conservative revolution and Ronald Reagan
• Ronald Reagans public image
• Reaganomics
• Irancontra
• Fall of communism
• The culture wars

36
Recession "Remember--don't vote for anyone who
would interfere with the way we've been handling
things," October 30, 1974
37
Support for Carter "... One nation ...
indivisible ...," February 22, 1977
38
Oil Crisis in the 1970s
US greatly dependent on non-remewable
energy 1870, 90 of Us energy came from
renewable sources--water, wood. 1970 more than
90 came from non-renewable fossil fuels. US
uses more than 1/3 of the worlds energy
resources 1973 - 1st oil crisis OPEC, Oct.
1973--announces embargo of oil to nations
supporting Israel Soon lines blocks long form
at gas stations 1979 - 2nd oil crisis By 1979,
US importing 43 of its annual oil supply Iran
embargos US, wont ship oil, again long lines at
the pumps, fear of end to abundance
39
1973 News Report on the Oil Crisis
40
1973 BP Gas Commercial
41
Auto industry, July 27, 1977
42
Khomeini Spiritual leader, April 8, 1979
43
Jimmy Carter "It comes out fuzzy," May 21, 1978
44
Ronald Reagan Ad from the 1940s
45
Cardboard Ronald Reagan, March 5, 1987
46
C.P.O. Graham Jackson mourning the death of
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Warm Springs, Georgia, 1945
47
Ronald Reagans radio address, 1983
There's a very famous, very moving photo of Chief
Petty Officer Jackson, tears streaming down his
face while he played "Going Home" on his
accordion as F. D. R.'s body was borne away by
train to Washington. Mr. Jackson once said that
as he began to play, "It seemed like every nail
and every pin in the world just stuck in me." Mr.
Jackson symbolized the grief of the Nation back
in 1945, and I just wanted his own family to know
the Nation hasn't forgotten their personal grief
today, 38 years later. As I'm sure Mr. Jackson's
family would tell you, in times of sorrow the
warmth and support of a family's ties are
especially important. I've spoken a great deal
about the strength and virtues of the American
family. I'd like to return to that topic today,
because the family will again be a top priority
as we head into the new yearfor the family is
still the basic unit of religious and moral
values that hold our society together.
48
Reaganomics "The Gods are angry," April 12, 1981
49
Deregulation Invasion of the corporate body
snatchers, April 21, 1985
50
Arms payoff for hostage release, November 11, 1986
51
"Speak softly and carry a big stick," December
21, 1986
52
Moscow Olympics 1980, July 19, 1978
53
The fall of Berlin Wall, 1989
54
Berlin Wall fragments, Potsdam Plaza
55
Reagan and the Berlin Wall
56
"Our bags are packed"--Weinberger on Star Wars
program, January 25, 1987
57
"And we pray that you sinners out there will see
the light," May 3, 1987
58
Robert Mapplethorpes photographs collection
59
Chris Ofili, Holy Virgin Mary, 1996 (dung-covered
madonna)
60
Early rap artist, Grandmaster Flash
61
Grandmaster Flash, The Message Lyrics
(e.fletcher, s.robinson, c.chase, m.glover
- Sugarhill records 82) Broken glass
everywhere People pissing on the stairs, you know
they just Dont care I cant take the smell, I cant
take the noise Got no money to move out, I guess
I got no choice Rats in the front room, roaches
in the back Junkies in the alley with a baseball
bat I tried to get away, but I couldnt get
far Cause the man with the tow-truck repossessed
my car Chorus Dont push me, cause Im close to
the edge Im trying not to loose my head Its like
a jungle sometimes, it makes me wonder How I keep
from going under
62
Grandmaster Flash, The Message,1982
63
2006 global hip hop poster
64
WTO members
65
Anti-World Bank demonstrator in Jakarta, Indonesia
66
WTO protests in Seattle, 1999
67
Pro-environmentalist cartoon
68
Anti-NAFTA Cartoon
69
Anti-NAFTA Cartoon - Canadian perspective
70
ENIAC, a 1,000 square feet computer, fastest in
1946
71
Internet users in 2007
72
New Yorker cartoon about identity on the Internet
73
Cartoon on post-Fordist computer economy
74
Google search for Tiananmen in France and China
75
War on Terror chronology
1988 Pan Am flight blown up over
Scotland 1991 First Gulf War 1993 World Trade
Center bombed 1998 US embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania bombed 2001 Al Qaeda terrorists attach
the US Operation Enduring Freedom USA Patriot
Act 2002 Bush identifies axis of
evil 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom Saddam
Hussein Captured 2004 Supreme Court upholds the
right of habeas corpus for Guantanamo
detainees 2006 Supreme Court refuses to hear
appeals by 45 Guantanamo detainees
76
World Trade Center bombing aftermath, September
11, 2001
77
Slide from Powells presentation to the UN
Security Council, February 2003
78
Fake Weapons of Mass Destruction Error Page
79
Dick Cheney interview from 1994 reintepreted by
Jon Stewart
80
Iraq civilians killed
81
Cartoon about Patriot Act
82
U.S. military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba