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Order From Chaos

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Title: Order From Chaos


1
Order From Chaos
Interest Grabber
Section 18-1
  • When you need a new pair of shoes, what do you
    do? You probably walk confidently into a shoe
    store, past the tens or hundreds of pairs of
    shoes you dont want and straight to the kind you
    do want. How do you find them? Shoes are
    organized in the store in categories. People
    organize objects by grouping similar objects
    together.

2
Interest Grabber continued
Section 18-1
  • 1. Consider the task facing early biologists who
    attempted to organize living things. How might
    they have begun?
  • 2. Suppose that you have been given a green
    plant, stringy brown seaweed, a rabbit, a
    mushroom, a worm, and a grasshopper. Youve been
    asked to organize these things into categories
    that make sense. How would you do it?
  • 3. Decide on your categories and write each on a
    sheet of paper. Next to each category, write the
    defining characteristics of that category. Then,
    write in the organisms that fall into each
    category.

3
Section Outline
Section 18-1
  • 181 Finding Order in Diversity
  • A. Why Classify?
  • B. Assigning Scientific Names
  • 1. Early Efforts at Naming Organisms
  • 2. Binomial Nomenclature
  • C. Linnaeuss System of Classification

4
Flowchart
Section 18-1
Linnaeuss System of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
5
Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Coral snake
Abert squirrel
Sea star
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
6
One Big Family?
Interest Grabber
Section 18-2
  • How can you determine if one organism is closely
    related to another? It may seem easy, but it
    isnt, and looks are often deceiving. For
    example, roses and orchids are both flowering
    plants, but roses grow on bushes or vines and
    have thorns. Many orchids dont even grow in
    soilthey can grow in trees! Rose and orchid
    blossoms look very different, and roses and
    orchids cannot produce hybrids, or offspring of
    crosses between parents with different traits.

7
Interest Grabber continued
Section 18-2
  • 1. Do you think roses and orchids are closely
    related? Explain your answer.
  • 2. Now, apply the same logic to dogs. Different
    breeds of dogssuch as a Labrador retriever and a
    colliecan breed and produce offspring. So what
    is the difference between the rose-orchid
    combination and the Lab-collie combination?
  • 3. What defines a species? Is appearance
    important? What other factors might be considered?

8
Section Outline
Section 18-2
  • 182 Modern Evolutionary Classification
  • A. Which Similarities Are Most Important?
  • B. Evolutionary Classification
  • C. Classification Using Cladograms
  • D. Similarities in DNA and RNA
  • E. Molecular Clocks

9
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Section 18-2
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Crab
Limpet
Limpet
Barnacle
Barnacle
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLADOGRAM
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
10
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Section 18-2
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Crab
Limpet
Limpet
Barnacle
Barnacle
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
11
My Way or the Highway
Interest Grabber
Section 18-3
  • Categories that are used to organize an
    assortment of things should be valid. That is,
    they should be based on real information.
    However, categories should be useful, too.
    Suppose that you are taking a survey of traffic.
    You sit at the side of a busy intersection and
    record the vehicles you see in one hour.

12
Interest Grabber continued
Section 18-3
  • 1. What categories could you use to organize
    your count of vehicles?
  • 2. Look at your list of categories. Are all of
    them equally useful?
  • 3. Is there more than one valid and useful way to
    organize living things?

13
Section Outline
Section 18-3
  • 183 Kingdoms and Domains
  • A. The Tree of Life Evolves
  • B. The Three-Domain System
  • C. Domain Bacteria
  • D. Domain Archaea
  • E. Domain Eukarya
  • 1. Protista
  • 2. Fungi
  • 3. Plantae
  • 4. Animalia

14
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living Things
are characterized by
Important characteristics
which place them in
and differing
Domain Eukarya
Cell wall structures
such as
which is subdivided into
which place them in
which coincides with
which coincides with
15
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and
Domains
Section 18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL
STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF
NUTRITION EXAMPLES
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with
peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls
without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph
or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles
Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in
some some have chloroplasts Most unicellular
some colonial some multicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of
chitin Most multicellular some
unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose
chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mos
ses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or
chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
16
Figure 18-13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three
Domains
Section 18-3
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi A
nimalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
17
Video Contents
Videos
  • Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
  • Panthera leo?, Part 1
  • Panthera leo?, Part 2

18
Video 1
Video 1
Panthera leo?, Part 1
  • Click the image to play the video segment.

19
Video 2
Video 2
Panthera leo?, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
20
Internet
Go Online
  • Links from the authors on the search for new
    species
  • Interactive test
  • For links on classification, go to
    www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
    follows cbn-5181.
  • For links on domains of life, go to
    www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
    follows cbn-5183.

21
Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
  • 1. Consider the task facing early biologists who
    attempted to organize living things. How might
    they have begun?
  • Students may say that early biologists attempted
    to formulate logical systems for organizing the
    diversity of life.
  • 2. Suppose that you have been given a green
    plant, stringy brown seaweed, a rabbit, a
    mushroom, a worm, and a grasshopper. Youve been
    asked to organize these things into categories
    that make sense. How would you do it?
  • Students may group the plantlike, sessile
    organisms (the plant, seaweed, and mushroom)
    together, grouping the others as animals.
  • 3. Decide on your categories and write each on a
    sheet of paper. Next to each category, write the
    defining characteristics of that category. Then,
    write in the organisms that fall into each
    category.
  • Remind students that organizational systems are
    human-made, and there are no right or wrong ones.
    Some, however, are more useful than others.

22
Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
  • 1. Do you think roses and orchids are closely
    related? Explain your answer.
  • Students may say that their different growth
    habits and inability to hybridize indicate that
    they are not closely related.
  • 2. Now, apply the same logic to dogs. Different
    breeds of dogssuch as a Labrador retriever and a
    colliecan breed and produce offspring. So what
    is the difference between the rose-orchid
    combination and the Lab-collie combination?
  • Students may know that all domestic dogs are a
    single species.
  • 3. What defines a species? Is appearance
    important? What other factors might be
    considered?
  • Students may suggest that a species is defined
    by its members ability to interbreed, regardless
    of appearance.

23
Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
  • 1. What categories could you use to organize
    your count of vehicles?
  • Students answers may include, type of vehicle,
    color, age, or manufacturer.
  • 2. Look at your list of categories. Are all of
    them equally useful?
  • Students may suggest that the usefulness of the
    criteria depends on the intent of the study.
  • 3. Is there more than one valid and useful way to
    organize living things?
  • Students should conclude that the same set of
    living things could be categorized in several
    ways, depending upon the criteria used.

24
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