Types of Reasoning

1
Types of Reasoning

• Inductive reasoninggeneral claim supported by
  sufficient examples.
• Given years of examples, Democrats favor
  spending for social programs.
• Deductive reasoningspecific claim warranted by
  accepted premises.
• Since John King is a Democrat, we conclude he
  favors social spending.

2
Tools for Analysis

• Scanning.
• Identify and mark statements.
• Standardizing.
• Render complete, definite statements.
• Organize flow toward conclusion.
• Diagramming.
• Map the argument

3
Exercise A

• 3. Because A. it would save insurance companies a
  great deal of money, and thus B. bring down rates
  of everyone, C. AIDS testing should be required
  of everyone applying for life insurance policies.
• 5. A. Recent events in Europe, the former Soviet
  Union, and the United States indicate that B.
  Europeans are more likely than Americans to
  provide moral leadership for the West as the
  world enters the 21st century.

4
Exercise B1 (standardized)

• 1. BecauseA. Americans are already switching
  for hard liquor to beer and wine.alsoB. They
  are switching from high-tar and high-nicotine
  cigarettes to low-war and low-nicotine
  cigarettes.
• 2. These examples show thatC. Americans are
  turning away from drug-containing products
• 3. ThusD. Legalizing drugs would not be likely
  to result in more users

5
Exercise B3 (standardized)

• 1. BecauseA. AIDS victims should be
  understood as people with disabilities.andB.
  discrimination against persons with disabilities
  is illegal.
• 2. Thus C. Discrimination against AIDS victims
  should be illegal.

6
Exercise B5 (standardized)

• 1. BecauseC. Testing would help identify drug
  abusers.and becauseD. identifying them is
  necessary to reducing health insurance costs.In
  addition E. testing all federal employees for
  drugs would provide a good model for private
  industry to follow.
• 2. AlthoughA. Civil libertarians express concern
  about the idea
• 3. ThusB. Mandatory tests should be required
  for all federal employees

7
Exercise B (diagramed)
1.
3.
5.