Residential Segregation Residential segregation has proved to be the most resistant to change of all

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Residential SegregationResidential segregation
has proved to be the most resistant to change of
all realms-perhaps because it is so critical to
racial change in general. T. Pettigrew 1966

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Index of Dissimilarity

• most commonly used measure
• Reflects the relative distributions across
  neighborhoods within a city or metropolitan area
• Ranges from 0 (complete integration) to 100
  (complete segregation)

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Isolation Index (exposure)

• Probability that members of each race will meet
  members of a different group in their Census tract

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Measure of Concentration

• relative amount of physical space occupied by a
  minority group in the metropolitan area"

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United States

• Blacks declines 1980-2000
• Highest for blacks (followed by Latinos, Asians,
  American Indians, Alaska Natives)
• Increases for Asians and Pacific Islanders
  (smaller increases for Latinos)

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Most Common Race

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White-Asian Segregation

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White-Multiracial Segregation

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Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA
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Detroit, MI

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Hyper-segregation

• High segregation across multiple dimensions of
  segregation
• -Doug Massey and Nancy Denton, American
  Apartheid Segregation and the Making of the
  Underclass

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Fair Housing Act 1968

• prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental,
  and financing of dwellings, and in other
  housing-related transactions, based on race,
  color, national origin, religion, sex, familial
  status and handicap (disability).

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Tenets of the Fair Housing Act

• No one may take any of the following actions
  based on race, color, national origin, religion,
  sex, familial status or handicap
• Refuse to rent or sell housing
• Refuse to negotiate for housing
• Make housing unavailable
• Deny a dwelling
• Set different terms, conditions or privileges for
  sale or rental of a dwelling
• Provide different housing services or facilities
• Falsely deny that housing is available for
  inspection, sale, or rental
• For profit, persuade owners to sell or rent
  (blockbusting) or
• Deny anyone access to or membership in a facility
  or service (such as a multiple listing service)
  related to the sale or rental of housing.

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Tenets of the FHA, continued

• No one may take any of the following actions
  based on race, color, national origin, religion,
  sex, familial status or handicap (disability)
• Refuse to make a mortgage loan
• Refuse to provide information regarding loans
• Impose different terms or conditions on a loan,
  such as different interest rates, points, or fees
  
• Discriminate in appraising property
• Refuse to purchase a loan or
• Set different terms or conditions for purchasing
  a loan.

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Prejudice

• Whites report feeling uncomfortable in a
  neighborhood with more than a few black residents
• black in neighborhood ? white ome demand
  declines black home demand increases
• LA among all groups, blacks are the least
  preferred out-group neighbors

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Housing Discrimination

• Doug Massey and Garvey Lundy Speech Patterns
  Trigger Housing Discrimination
• Called 90 rental agents in Philly
• Ahm innarested inda partment in Fo Rent
  magazine, Yo?"

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Practices of Suburban Realtors

• Gatekeeping Racial Steering
• Experimental Field Study
• Black couples white couples search for house
• chances of seeing house on 1st visit
• black 25 -white 75

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Results of Experiment

• Black couples shown homes that were
• Less expensive (avg. 3300)
• In predominantly black neighborhoods (more than
  whites)
• 2 homes shown to black couple ONLY
• 46 to white couple ONLY
• 23 to both

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Red Lining

• Illegal practice of a lending institution (bank)
  denying loans or restricting the number of loans
  they give in certain areas of a community
• Illegal practice of denying mortgage insurance
  coverage to residents of certain communities

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Redlining the Law

• Housing Opportunities Made Equal (HOME), Inc. v.
  Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, No. LB2704
  (Richmond Cir. Ct. Oct. 28, 1998)

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Home loans, by population

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Home loans

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Loan Denial Rates by Borrower Income and Race,
2001