A1262433013yOqDa

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HOW THINGS ARE RELATED TO GROUPS

• SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
• ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES THAT ENCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE
  SOCIAL CHANGE
• COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
• ACTIVITIES INVOLVING A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE,
  OFTEN SPONTANEOUS, AND TYPICALLY IN VIOLATION OF
  ESTABLISHED SOCIAL NORMS

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Nothing Comes Easy

• BEHAVIOR IS WIDE-RANGING
• SO MANY VARIABLES TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT
• BEHAVIOR IS COMPLEX
• THE POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE SO
  NUMEROUS
• BEHAVIOR IS VERY TRANSITORY
• THINGS ARISE AND DISSIPATE QUICKLY

UNDERSTANDING WHY LARGE GROUPS ACT AS THEY DO IS
NOT EASY. THERE ARE SO MANY POSSIBILITIES.
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COLLECTIVESTHEY DIFFER FROM GROUPS

• COLLECTIVES ARE BASED ON LIMITED SOCIAL
  INTERACTION
• INTERACTION IN MOBS IS LIMITED AND TEMPORARY
• COLLECTIVES HAVE NO CLEAR SOCIAL BOUNDARIES
• LITTLE SENSE OF UNITY COMPARED TO SOCIAL GROUPS
  WHOSE MEMBERS OFTEN SHARE A COMMON IDENTITY
• COLLECTIVES ENGENDER WEAK AND UNCONVENTIONAL
  NORMS
• MOBS OFTEN DESTROY AND ACT SPONTANEOUSLY

UNCONVENTIONAL AND SPONTANEOUS ACTION
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CROWDSA TEMPORARY GATHERING OF PEOPLE WHO SHARE
A COMMON FOCUS OF ATTENTION AND WHOSE MEMBERS
INFLUENCE ONE ANOTHER

• A CASUAL CROWD PEOPLE ON A BEACH
• LOOSE COLLECTION OF PEOPLE WHO INTERACT VERY
  LITTLE
• A CONVENTIONAL CROWD A COLLEGE CLASSROOM
• RESULTS FROM DELIBERATE PLANNING NORMALLY
  CONFORMING TO CULTURAL NORMS
• AN EXPRESSIVE CROWD A CHURCH SERVICE
• AROUND AN EVENT WITH EMOTIONAL APPEAL
• AN ACTING CROWD PEOPLE FLEEING FROM A FIRE
• COLLECTIVITY FUELED BY AN INTENSE, SINGLE-MINDED
  PURPOSE
• A PROTEST CROWD A COLLEGE STUDENT SIT-IN
• PEOPLE ENGAGE IN A VARIETY OF ACTIONS, INCLUDING
  STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS

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• CONTAGION THEORY
• CROWDS EXERT HYPNOTIC INFLUENCE OVER THEIR
  MEMBERS
• PEOPLE SURRENDER TO A COLLECTIVE MIND
• AS THE CROWD ASSUMES A LIFE OF ITS OWN, ITS
  MEMBERS RID THEMSELVES OF INHIBITIONS AND ACT OUT
• IF FEAR AND HATE GROW AMONG THE MEMBERS, VIOLENCE
  CAN BE THE OUTCOME

HIT BY THE CROWDS INFLUENCE
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CONVERGENCE THEORY
MOTIVATIONS ARE BROUGHT TO THE CROWD BY
THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS, NOT VICE VERSA

• CROWDS AMOUNT TO A CONVERGENCE OF LIKE-MINDED
  PEOPLE
• THE CROWD DOESNT GENERATE THE ACTION, BUT RATHER
  THE MEMBERS THEMSELVES STIMULATE THE ACTION OF
  THE CROWD
• EXAMPLE NEIGHBORHOOD GROUPS CONCERNED ABOUT
  CRIME AND WANT TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT

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NICE BANDWAGON EFFECT, BOB!

• PEOPLE IN CROWDS HAVE MIXED INTERESTS
• IN LESS STABLE CROWDS (EXPRESSIVE, ACTING, AND
  PROTEST), NORMS THAT GUIDE BEHAVIOR MAY SURFACE
  IN PARTICULAR SETTINGS
• ONE DOES SOMETHING AND OTHERS JUMP ON THE
  BANDWAGON
• THE 1983 RAPE STORY ABOUT A WOMAN WHO WAS
  REPEATEDLY ASSAULTED ON A BARROOM FLOOR WHILE
  SEVERAL BYSTANDERS CHEERED ON THE ATTACKERS

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OTHER FORMS

• PARTICIPATION IN COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR IS POSSIBLE
  EVEN IF PEOPLE ARE APART
• MASS BEHAVIOR IS THE TERM GIVEN TO THIS FORM OF
  COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
• TYPES INCLUDE
• RUMOR AND GOSSIP
• PUBLIC OPINION
• PROPAGANDA
• PANIC AND MASS HYSTERIA
• FADS AND FASHIONS
• LETS EXAMINE EACH IN TURN

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RUMORS AND RUMORS OF RUMORS
BUT, ITS THE TRUTH I TELL YOU!

• RUMOR
• UNSUBSTANTIATED INFORMATION PEOPLE SPREAD
  INFORMALLY, OFTEN BY WORD OF MOUTH
• RUMOR THRIVES IN A CLIMATE OF AMBIGUITY
• RUMOR IS UNSTABLE
• RUMOR IS DIFFICULT TO STOP
• GOSSIP IS RUMOR ABOUT THE PERSONAL AFFAIRS OF
  OTHERS
• GOSSIP CONCERNS A SMALL CIRCLE OF PEOPLE
• RUMORS SPREAD WIDELY, BUT GOSSIP IS MORE
  LOCALIZED
• A BALANCE IS NECESSARY FOR THOSE WHO SPREAD IT
• HE OR SHE CAN BE VIEWED AS DISREPUTABLE, AND
  UNBELIEVABLE

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PUBLIC OPINIONWIDESPREAD ATTITUDES ABOUT
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES

• UP TO 10 OF AMERICANS WILL REPORT THEY HOLD NO
  OPINION ON IMPORTANT ISSUES
• IS THIS DUE TO IGNORANCE OR INDIFFERENCE?
• PUBLIC OPINION WAXES AND WANES OVER TIME
• EXAMPLES
• THE WOMENS MOVEMENT
• AFFIRMATIVE ACTION SUPPORT
• ATTEMPTS ARE MADE TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION BY
  WAY OF PROPAGANDA
• PROPAGANDA REFERS TO INFORMATION PRESENTED WITH
  THE INTENTION OF SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION

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• PANIC
• A FORM OF LOCALIZED COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR BY WHICH
  PEOPLE REACT TO A PERCEIVED THREAT OR OTHER
  STIMULUS WITH IRRATIONAL, FRANTIC, AND OFTEN
  SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR
• MASS HYSTERIA
• A FORM OF DISPERSED COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR BY WHICH
  PEOPLE RESPOND TO A REAL OR IMAGINED EVENT WITH
  IRRATIONAL, FRANTIC, AND OFTEN SELF-DESTRUCTIVE
  BEHAVIOR

LETS NOT LOSE OUR HEADS NOW!
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FASHIONS AND FADS
LOTS OF PEOPLE ARE DOING THIS!

• FASHIONS
• A SOCIAL PATTERN FAVORED FOR A TIME BY A LARGE
  NUMBER OF PEOPLE
• FASHION CHARACTERIZES ALL FORMS OF ART
• FASHION IMPACTS PERSONAL APPEARANCE AND HELPS
  MAKE AN IMPRESSION, SO IT NEEDS TO BE TAKEN INTO
  ACCOUNT
• FADS
• AN UNCONVENTIONAL SOCIAL PATTERN THAT PEOPLE
  EMBRACE BRIEFLY BUT ENTHUSIASTICALLY
• 1950 THE HULA HOOP
• 1960 BELL BOTTOM JEANS
• 1970 NUDE STREAKING
• 1980 PUNK MUSIC
• 1990 THE GRUNGE LOOK

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TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

• ALTERNATIVE
• LEAST THREATENING SINCE ONLY LIMITED CHANGE IS
  SOUGHT FOR A LIMITED NUMBER OF MEMBERS
• EXAMPLE PLANNED PARENTHOOD
• REDEMPTIVE
• INDUCTION OF FOCUSED, RADICAL CHANGE
• EXAMPLE SOME CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS
• REFORMATIVE
• LIMITED SOCIAL CHANGE THAT TARGETS ALL MEMBERS OF
  SOCIETY
• EXAMPLE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT MOVEMENT
• REVOLUTIONARY
• THE MOST SEVERE AND FAR-REACHING CONSEQUENCES,
  STRIVING FOR BASIC TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY
• EXAMPLE ULTRA-CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

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THEORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

• DEPRIVATION THEORY
• RESULT OF EXPERIENCING RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
• MASS-SOCIETY THEORY
• GIVE DISENFRANCHISED PEOPLE A GROUP WITH WHICH TO
  FEEL A BELONGINGNESS
• STRUCTURAL-STRAIN THEORY (SEE NEXT SLIDE)
• GROUP EFFORT TO CHANGE SOCIETY INTO A FORM THAT
  IS IN KEEPING WITH GROUPS IDEAS AND GOALS
• RESOURCE-MOBILIZATION THEORY
• ALL THE ABOVE, PLUS SOCIAL TIES TO THE GROUPS
  MEMBERSHIP
• NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS THEORY
• PEOPLE MOTIVATED BY ISSUES SURROUNDING QUALITY OF
  LIFE RATHER THAN FOR ECONOMIC CONCERNS

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FOCUS ON STRUCTURAL-STRAIN THEORY
WE GOTTA PROBLEM!

• SIX FACTORS ENCOURAGING SOCIAL MOVEMENT
• STRUCTURAL CONDUCIVENESS
• ARISE OUT OF PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEMS
• STRUCTURAL STRAIN
• EXPERIENCING RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
• GROWTH AND SPREAD OF AN EXPLANATION
• MAKING CLEAR REASONS AND SOLUTIONS FOR SUFFERING
• PRECIPITATING FACTORS
• SPECIFIC EVENTS GIVE RISE TO COLLECTION ACTION
• MOBILZATION FOR ACTION
• ACTION STAGE PROTEST AND RALLIES
• LACK OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• QUICK, HARSH RESPONSE, OR GIVING THE GREEN
  LIGHT FOR CHANGE?

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STAGES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

• STAGE ONE EMERGENCE
• PERCEPTION THAT SOMETHING IS WRONG
• STAGE TWO COALESCENCE
• DEFINING ITSELF AND GOING PUBLIC
• STAGE THREE BUREAUCRATIZATION
• ORGANIZING RATIONALY TO GET JOB DONE
• STAGE FOUR DECLINE
• IS THE MOVEMENT IN NEED OF REGROUPING OR IS IT
  SIMPLY TIME FOR ITS DEMISE?
• REASONS
• SIGNALS SUCCESS HAS BEEN REACHED
• SIGNALS ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS (LEADERSHIP,
  ETC.)
• LEADERSHIP SELLS OUT TO OTHER INTERESTS
• DEMISE MAY RESULT FROM STATE-SPONSORED REPRESSION

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TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURE AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
OVER TIME

• SOCIAL CHANGE HAPPENS EVERYWHERE, ONLY THE RATE
  OF CHANGE VARIES
• IT IS OFTEN INTENTIONAL, BUT CAN ALSO BE
  UNPLANNED
• CHANGE ALMOST ALWAYS GENERATES CONTROVERSY
• SOME SOCIAL CHANGES MATTER MORE THAN OTHER CHANGES

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WHY CHANGE TAKES PLACE

• CULTURE AND CHANGE
• INVENTION
• PRODUCTION OF NEW OBJECTS, IDEAS, AND SOCIAL
  PATTERNS
• DISCOVERY
• LEARNING TO SEE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE IN A NEW
  LIGHT
• DIFFUSION
• THE SPREAD OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE
  WORLD

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IMA NOTTA GONNA LOSEA THING IN
THIS CONFLICT!

• CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE
• TENSIONS AND STRESSORS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND
  GROUPS CAN BRING ABOUT CHANGE
• DIFFERENT GROUPS GAIN AND LOSE POWER AND
  PRIVILEGE AS THEY STRUGGLE FOR THEIR OWN POSITIONS

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• IDEAS AND CHANGE
• IDEAS CAN FUEL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS WHICH BRING ABOUT
  SOCIAL CHANGE
• THE IDEA OF EQUAL RIGHTS FOR EVERYONE
• THE ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE
• CONTROL AND MANIPULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT LEADS
  TO PREDICTABILITY
• THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY AT WORK
• DEMOGRAPHICS AND CHANGE
• INCREASES AND DECREASES IN NUMBERS CAN LEAD TO
  SOCIAL CHANGE AS SOCIETY MAY NEED TO EXPAND
  AND/OR CONTRACT
• NEED FOR JOBS, HOUSING, EDUCATION, ETC.

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MODERNITYSOCIAL PATTERNS LINKED TO
INDUSTRIALIZATION
MODERNIZATION IS OK IN SOME WAYS, BUT I LIKE THE
PAST JUST AS MUCH.

• FOUR MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
• DECLINE OF SMALL, TRADITIONAL TOWNS
• HIGH-TECH COMMUNICATIONS PUTS SMALL TOWNS IN
  TOUCH WITH THE WORLD
• EXPANSION OF PERSONAL CHOICE
• AN UNENDING SERIES OF OPTIONS REFERRED TO AS
  INDIVIDUALIZATION
• INCREASING DIVERSITY IN BELIEFS
• MODERNIZATION PROMOTES A MORE RATIONAL,
  SCIENTIFIC WORLD-VIEW
• FUTURE ORIENTATION AND GROWING AWARENESS OF TIME
• PEOPLE LIVING IN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS TEND TO
  FOCUS MORE ON THE FUTURE THAN ON THE PAST

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FERDINAND TOENNIESTHE LOSS OF COMMUNITY

• WITH MODERNIZATION COMES THE LOSS OF
  GEMEINSCHAFT, OR HUMAN COMMUNITY
• LOSS OF COMMUNITY CARING AND THE BEGINNING OF
  INDIVIDUALIZATION AND A BUSINESS-LIKE EMPHASIS
• MODERNITY BRINGS ABOUT A CONDITION REFERRED TO AS
  GESELLSCHAFT, OR IMPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
• PEOPLE LIVE AMONG STRANGERS AND IGNORE MOST THEY
  PASS ON STREETS

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THE DIVISION OF LABOR
THESE DAYS, WE GET ALONG BECAUSE WE NEED EACH
OTHER.

• MODERNIZATION IS MARKED BY INCREASES IN A COMPLEX
  DIVISION OF LABOR
• PEOPLE PERFORMING HIGHLY DISTINCTIVE ROLES RATHER
  THAN EVERYONE PERFORMING THE SAME DAILIY ROUTINES
• SOCIETY TRANSFORMED FROM MECHANICAL TO ORGANIC
  SOLIDARITY
• MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY REFERS TO A TIME WHEN
  SOCIETY WAS HELD TOGETHER BY SOCIAL BONDS
  ANCHORED IN COMMON MORAL SENTIMENTS
• ORGANIC SOLIDARITY REFERS TO MODERNITY DURING
  WHICH TIME SOCIAL BONDING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY WAY
  OF MUTUAL DEPENDENCE

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Max Weber and Rational Society

• MODERNIZATION IS NOTHING MORE THAN THE
  PROGRESSIVE REPLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
  WITH A MORE RATIONAL WAY OF THINKING
• EFFICIENCY IS A MODERN SOCIAL VALUE THAT MAKES
  PEOPLE ADOPT NEW WAYS OF VIEWING THINGS IF IT
  HELPS THEM WITH THEIR GOALS

COMPUTERS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF A RATIONAL APPROACH
TO SOCIETYS NEEDS
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Modernity as Mass Society

• MASS SOCIETY IS A TERM THAT DRAWS UPON THE IDEAS
  OF TOENNIES, DURKHEIM, AND WEBER
• MODERNIZATION IS VIEWED AS THE EMERGENCE OF MASS
  SOCIETY
• MASS SOCIETY
• A SOCIETY IN WHICH INDUSTRY AND EXPANDING
  BUREAUCRACY HAVE ERODED TRADITIONAL SOCIAL TIES
• POWER IN A MASS SOCIETY LIES IN THE HANDS OF
  LARGE BUREAUCRACIES
• LAWS THAT MANDATE STANDARDIZED EDUCATION, PRODUCT
  CONTROL, EXTENSIVE RECORD KEEPING, AND SO ON
• WE ARE FORCED TO DEAL WITH NAMELESS OFFICIALS
  WORKING IN DISTANT AND UNRESPONSIVE BUREAUCRACIES

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MODERNITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL

• PERSONAL IDENTITY CAN BE A PROBLEM SINCE SOCIETY
  CHANGES SO RAPIDLY INHERENT INSTABILITY
• SOCIAL CHARACTER REFERS TO PERSONALITY PATTERNS
  COMMON TO MEMBERS OF A PARTICULAR SOCIETY
• TRADITION-DIRECTEDNESS REFERS TO RIGID CONFORMITY
  TO TIME-HONORED WAYS OF LIVING
• OTHER-DIRECTEDNESS REFERS TO A RECEPTIVENESS TO
  THE LATEST TRENDS AND FASHIONS, OFTEN EXPRESSED
  IN THE PRACTICE OF IMITATING OTHERS

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POSTMODERNITYSOCIAL PATTERNS CHARACTERISTIC OF
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

• IN SOME WAYS, MODERNITY HAS FAILED
• MUCH POVERTY AND STRESS
• THE BRIGHT LIGHT OF PROGRESS IS FADING
• LESS CONFIDENCE ABOUT FUTURE
• SCIENCE NO LONGER HOLDS THE ANSWERS
• SCIENCE HAS CREATED ITS SHARE OF PROBLEMS
• CULTURAL DEBATES ARE INTENSIFYING
• THE PROMISES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN
  FULFILLED
• SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ARE CHANGING
• ALL INSTITUTIONS ARE GOING THROUGH CHANGE,
  INCLUDING THE MOST BASIC, THE FAMILY

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MODERNITY AND ALIENATION

• ALIENATION FROM SELF
• PEOPLE HAVE TROUBLE KNOWING THEMSELVES
• WORK MAY PLACE STRESS ON THEM TO PERFORM IN WAYS
  THAT GO AGAINST THEIR OWN SET OF VALUES, BUT ONE
  NEEDS A JOB
• ALIENATION FROM WORK
• PEOPLE USE TO PUT PART OF THEMSEVLES IN EACH
  PRODUCT PRODUCED
• TASKS OFTEN HAVE WORKERS REPEATING THE SAME JOB
  OVER AND OVER RATHER THAN WORKING ON THE ENTIRE
  ITEM

ROGERS FELLOW WORKERS KNEW HIS WORK WAS GETTING
TO HIM WHEN HE BEGAN BARKING AND WHEN HE ASKED
THAT HE BE CALLED ROVER.
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MORE ON ALIENATION

• ALIENATION FROM FELLOW WORKERS
• WORK REGULATIONS OFTEN RESTRICT THE AMOUNT AND
  TYPES OF CONTACT WORKERS CAN TAKE PART IN DURING
  THEIR SHIFTS
• PEOPLE DO NOT KNOW ONE ANOTHER ANY MORE AND FEEL
  LEFT OUT OR DETACHED FROM THEIR FELLOW WORKERS
• ALIENATION FROM SOCIETY
• PEOPLE CAN OFTEN FEEL A STATE OF UNEASE WHEN
  NORMS AND VALUES APPEAR TO BE IN A STATE OF FLUX
• PEOPLE NEED SOCIETY TO PROVIDE A SENSE OF SAFETY
  AND SECURITY FOUND IN WELL-ESTABLISHED AND WIDELY
  ACCEPTED NORMS

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ARE WE A NATION IN DECLINE?
A FEW THOUGHTS BY WILLIAM BENNETT

• VIOLENT CRIMES ARE UP
• NUMBER OF CHILDREN SUPPORTED BY WELFARE HAS
  INCREASED FIVE TIMES
• INCREASES IN THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO SINGLE
  MOTHERS
• DIVORCE RATE HAS DOUBLED
• TEEN SUICIDE HAS TRIPLED
• TELEVISON VIEWING HAS INCREASED BY 35 SINCE
  1960, WHILE COLLEGE BOARD EXAM SCORES HAVE
  DROPPED BY 75 POINTS
• SERIOUS QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT VALUES EXIST IN
  AMERICA ARE BEING ASKED BY CONFUSED PEOPLE
• YOUNG PEOPLE SHOW LESS SELF-DISCIPLINE AND
  RESPECT
• PERSONS REFUSE TO ACCEPT PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
  FOR THEIR ACTIONS OR THOSE OF THEIR CHILDREN

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STRONG RIGHTS PRESUME STRONG RESPONSIBILITIES

• HALT EXPANDING CULTURE OF RIGHTS
• IT PLACES INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS OVER THE INTERESTS
  OF THE COMMUNITY
• NOTHING IN THE CONSTITUTION ALLOWS US TO DO
  WHATEVER WE WANT
• ALL RIGHTS INVOLVE RESPONSIBILITIES
• CANNOT KEEP TAKING WITHOUT GIVING BACK
• CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES CANNOT BE IGNORED BY ANY
  MEMBER OF SOCIETY
• UPHOLDING THE LAW
• PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
• DEFENDING COMMUNITY RIGHTS MAY CAUSES PEOPLE TO
  LIMIT INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
• PROTECTING THE PUBLIC INTEREST MAY REQUIRE DRUG
  TESTING OF CERTAIN WORKERS

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