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Animal Health

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Title: Animal Health


1
Animal Health
  • Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
  • Introduction to Animal and Food Sciences Agent
    In-Service

2
Animal Health
  • Veterinarians role/ agents role
  • Biosecurity
  • Zoonoses
  • Vaccination
  • Diseases by species
  • Quality Assurance

3
Veterinarians Role in Animal Health
  • Provide accurate information diagnosis related
    to the health or disease problems in a herd or
    flock
  • DVMs are required to have CEUs to maintain
    their Kentucky veterinary license
  • DVMs are accredited by USDA for foreign animal
    diseases diagnosis and testing

4
Veterinarians Role in Animal Treatment
  • Get proper diagnosis
  • Treat promptly, properly
  • Follow treatment directions, precautions
  • Don't substitute drugs for management

5
Veterinarians Role in Animal Treatment
  • Establish a valid
  • veterinarian/client/patient relationship
  • VCPR
  • The veterinarian has assumed the responsibility
    for making medical judgments regarding the health
    of the animal(s) and the need for medical
    treatment, and the client (owner or other
    caretaker) has agreed to follow the
    veterinarians instructions.

6
Records
  • Medication/ drug records
  • Antibiotics, chemical use (insecticides), feed
    additives
  • Treatment date, product used, dosage, etc (BQA
    manual)
  • Appropriate meat/milk withdrawal time observed
  • Animal health records
  • Vaccinations/ processing
  • Treatments and/or diseases
  • Scours/ pneumonia
  • Retained placenta
  • Deaths

7
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8
Agents helping farmers to work with their
veterinarian
  • When contacted, ask if producer has contacted the
    local veterinarian about the problem
  • Provide information NOT diagnosis
  • Urge producer to work with their DVM
  • Food animal DVMs are becoming less available and
    it is important to support those in the area!
  • Remind about VCPR (valid veterinary client
    patient relationship)
  • Urge producer to send dead animal to diagnostic
    lab for accurate diagnosis

9
Necropsy
  • Examination of a body after death (autopsy in
    humans)
  • Dead animal carcass needs to be submitted asap to
    reduce deterioration, especially in the summer
  • Down animals- humane euthanasia with bullet as
    long as brain does NOT need to be examined
    injectable euthansia if need brain

10
Humane Euthanasia
11
Diagnostic Labs
  • UK Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center
  • Lexington, 1429 Newtown Pike,
    859-253-0571
  • Murray State University
    Breathitt Veterinary Center
  • Hopkinsville, 715 North Drive, 270-886-3959

12
Diagnostic Labs
  • Samples need to be submitted with veterinarian as
    a contact
  • At UK LDDC, agents can submit corn stalks
    (nitrates). Phone Toxicology about other feed
    sampling. 10 charge.
  • Results may not find cause, especially for
    abortions (lt 50 able to make diagnosis on
    abortion)

13
Normal or Abnormal?
14
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15
Foot Mouth Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
16
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17
Critical Biosecurity Control Points
Contact with Affected Animals
Contact with manure, milk, blood or tissue from
affected animals
On-Farm Sources
Off-Farm Sources
Susceptible Animals
18
Everyday Biosecurity
  • Use common sense
  • Do not bring germs to your animals
  • All incoming animals should be kept separate from
    the herd for an appropriate time (minimum of two
    weeks, best is four weeks)
  • Limit contact with other farms/animals
  • Outside individuals should wear clean protective
    clothing
  • Maintain fences between neighbors
  • Caution in sharing tools/equipment with other
    farms

19
Dont track it back
20
ZOON NOSES Animal Diseases
  • Diseases transmitted from animal to humans
  • Impact illness, monetary loss, labor hours lost
  • Mode of transmission
  • Direct Feces, urine
  • Saliva, placenta birthing fluids
  • Milk
  • Indirect Insects- mosquito, tick, etc.
  • Aerosol/ contact with animals bedding

21
Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease
  • Bacterial Diseases- Systemic Infections
  • Anthrax
  • Brucellosis- from abortion case
  • Caseous lymphadenitis/ cheesy gland/ contagious
    abscesses
  • Chlamydia psittaci- from abortion case
  • Leptospira- from infected urine
  • Listeria (circling disease)- from infected milk
  • Salmonella- from diarrhea case
  • Tuberculosis

22
Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease
  • Bacterial- Enteric (gastrointestinal)
  • Campylobacter (Vibrio)
  • E. coli
  • Salmonella
  • Rickettsial Diseases
  • Q Fever (Coxiella burnetti)
  • Fungal infections
  • Ringworm
  • Club Lamb Disease/ dermatomycoses

23
Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease
  • Viral infections
  • Soremouth/ orf/ Contagious ecthyma
  • Rabies
  • Through infected wildlife (bats, skunks,
    raccoons) and dog/cat bites
  • Not usually through sheep and domestic livestock.
    Beware of saliva!
  • West Nile Virus
  • Not direct, through mosquitoes from birds to
    humans horses
  • Avian Influenza- Highly Pathogenic AI

24
Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease
  • Protozoan disease (unicellular organism)
  • Toxoplasmosis- pregnant woman exposed
  • Cryptosporidia (smaller than coccidia)

25
Soremouth/ orf/ contagious ecthyma
26
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27
Zoonotic Advice
  • Wear gloves when handling these cases!
  • Examples
  • Soremouth
  • Ringworm

28
Calf scours/ diarrhea
29
Zoonotic Advice
  • Wash hands after handling diarrhea cases
  • Examples
  • Cryptosporidia
  • Salmonella

30
Q fever (Coxiella burnetti)
31
Zoonotic Advice
  • Wear gloves when handling newborns or during
    birthing, especially with ABORTIONS
  • Examples
  • Q fever
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucellosis

32
Rabies Hemophilus somnus Lead poisoning
Beware!!
33
Zoonotic Advice
  • Wear gloves when handling potential cases
  • Submit these cases to a diagnostic lab for
    accurate diagnosis- need intact brain (DO NOT
    SHOOT!)
  • Rabies reminder
  • Beware of saliva!
  • Through infected wildlife (bats, skunks,
    raccoons) and dog/cat bites
  • Not usually through sheep and domestic livestock.

34
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35
Immunity
  • Ability to resist infections from exposure to
    disease agents
  • Acquired Immunity- provided by antibodies
  • Active antibodies developed from disease
    exposure or by vaccination
  • Passive antibodies passed from the dam to the
    young through colostrum or egg
  • Inherited Immunity- natural resistance
    characteristic of the species, breed, or
    individual

36
What are vaccines?
  • Vaccines are health products that trigger
    protective immune responses in animals and
    prepare them to fight future infections from
    disease-causing agents.
  • Vaccines can lessen the severity of future
    diseases.
  • Certain vaccines can prevent infection
    altogether.
  • A variety of vaccines are available for use.

37
Vaccination
  • To aid in the prevention of disease
  • Herd or flock immunity
  • Product choice
  • No one vaccine is 100 effective

38
Vaccination
  • Part of comprehensive animal health program
  • 1 Nutrition
  • Energy/protein
  • Not stressed
  • Good body condition
  • Trace minerals
  • Especially copper, selenium zinc

39

Immunity
Growth/Fertility
Trace Mineral Intake
Clinical Signs
Subclinical
Clinical
Time
40
Vaccination
  • Part of comprehensive animal health program
  • 1 Nutrition
  • 2 Management practices
  • Colostrum
  • adequate intake to prevent failure of passive
    transfer
  • Reduce stress at vaccination
  • Early castration
  • Vaccinate before weaning
  • Weather considerations, especially summer heat

41

WEAN
Disease
Resistance
Immunity
Disease Challenge
TIME
42
Additive Distressors
Weaning
Castration
Dehorn
Immunity
Resistance
Diet changes
Transport
Disease Challenge
TIME
43
Additive Distressors
Weaning
Transport
Castration
Dehorn
Diet changes
Immunity
Resistance
Disease Challenge
TIME
44
QuietWean
http//www.quietwean.com/ (Saskatoon, Canada)
45

WEAN
Immunization
Disease
Resistance
Immunity
Disease Challenge
TIME
46
CPH45
47
Location
Exposure
Timing
Type of Vaccine
Contraindications
Considerations
IN/SQ/IM
Management
Economics
Animal Use
48
Considerations
Management
Exposure
49
Management At Time of Vaccination
Healthy
Follow directions
50
Environmental Exposure
  • Clean, dry comfortable
  • Less exposure to disease

51
Clean Dry is Critical for Dry Cows Maternity
Pens
52
Not Protected
Protected
Vaccinated
Not vaccinated
53
Animal Response to Vaccination
Normal response
No response
Hyper response
54
Exposure . . . Challenge!
55
Management Technology
  • All-in, all-out from
  • Farrowing through finishing
  • Poultry
  • Dispose of dead animals promptly properly
  • Rendering
  • Burial
  • Landfill
  • Compost

56
Considerations
Type of Vaccine
57
Types of Vaccines
  • Killed or inactivated
  • Modified-live or attenuated
  • Autogenous

58
Killed Vaccines
  • Advantages
  • Generally safer
  • Dead virus
  • Pregnant animal
  • Handling
  • More stable
  • Can use over time if handled correctly
  • Disadvantages
  • Protection not as good
  • Duration
  • Breadth
  • Immune response different than live virus
  • More expensive
  • Increased adverse reactions

59
Animal Response to VaccinationKilled
K
60
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61
Modified-Live Vaccines
  • Advantages
  • Generally better protection
  • Duration
  • Breadth
  • Immune response more closely mimics natural
    exposure
  • Less expensive
  • Disadvantages
  • Handling
  • Susceptible to inactivation
  • Must use once mixed
  • Safety
  • Live replicating organism
  • Potential of fetal infection

62
Animal Response to VaccinationModified Live Virus
v
V
v
MLV
v
v
v
63
Store Properly-Keep MLV vaccine COOL!
  • Once reconstituted, MLV cattle vaccines are
    effective for about
  • 45 minutes if in the sun and heat
  • 2-3 hours when cool and dark

64
Autogenous Vaccines
  • Advantages
  • Protection against a bacteria or virus that has
    been isolated from a clinical case
  • Commercial vaccine not available or not effective
  • Examples pinkeye caused by Branhamella ovis,
    Salmonella, warts, Mycoplasma
  • Disadvantages
  • More expensive
  • Must culture identify the bacteria in
    diagnostic lab before vaccine can be produced
  • Manufacturer needs to make minimum order (around
    500 doses)
  • Must re-culture every few years by law

65
Considerations
Timing
66
Vaccination Immunity
67
Vaccination at Proper Age
A
Immunize
Antibody Titer
Prime
Maternal Antibody
Antibody Titer
Month of age
Viral Vaccine
68
Vaccination at Proper Age
Immunize
Antibody Titer
Prime
Maternal Antibody
Antibody Titer
Month of age
Bacterial Vaccine
69
Booster Vaccination
  • Needed to maintain protection in immunized animal
  • May need to be given every 4 months, 6 months,
    yearly, or 3 years
  • Follow label directions or veterinarians
    recommendation

70
Location
Considerations
IN/SQ/IM
71
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72
Vaccination Technique
I.M. SQ
SQ Subcutaneous (under skin)
preferred IM Intramuscular IN Intranasal
SQ
Courtesy of Ohio State University
73
Courtesy of Ohio State University
74
Market Cows and BullsBreeding Animals
  • Career Changed Dairy Cows
  • Subprimals
  • Fast food restaurants,such as Arbys
  • Beef option on the airlines
  • Heat and Eat Meats

Source NCBA, 1999
75
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76
Considerations
Economics
77
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78
  • Seventh Edition of
  • Compendium of Veterinary Products
  • 147 BVDV vaccine combinations available

79
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80
Considerations
Disease Problems
81
Important Dairy DISEASES
  • Anaplasmosis- beware of used needles!
  • Bovine Leukosis Virus- beware of used needles!
  • Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
  • Johnes Disease
  • Hairy heel warts
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mastitis/ elevated SCC (somatic cell count)
  • Rumen acidosis/ feet problems

82
Dairy Diseases and Vaccines
  • Available
  • IBR, PI-3, BRSV
  • BVD
  • Brucellosis
  • Calf scours- viral bacterial
  • Clostridial diseases (blackleg)
  • Hairy heel warts
  • Johnes Disease1
  • Leptospirosis
  • Lepto hardjo-bovis
  • Mastitis, contagious
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Mastitis, environmental
  • E. coli
  • Pasteurella (Manheimia)
  • Pinkeye
  • Rabies
  • Salmonellosis
  • Vibrio (Chlamydia)
  • Not Available
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV)
  • Coccidia
  • Cryptosporidia
  • Mastitis, contagious
  • Strep. ag
  • Listeriosis
  • Rumen acidosis
  • Winter dysentery

1 Need permission of state veterinarian
83
Beef Diseases
  • Pinkeye ID-135
  • Poisonous Plants ID-2
  • Beef Book ID-108
  • Fly and lice control ENT-508 to ENT-512

84
Beef Diseases
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Blackleg
  • Calf scours/ diarrhea
  • Foot rot
  • Johnes Disease
  • Leptospirosis
  • Listeria
  • Parasites- external internal
  • Pinkeye
  • Pneumonia
  • Salmonella

85
Animal Disorders on Pasture
  • Bloat
  • Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema (fog fever)
  • Nitrate Toxicity
  • Grass Tetany
  • Cyanide/Prussic Acid Toxicity
  • Poisonous Plants

86
Bloat
87
BloatWhat is it?
  • gas accumulates in the rumen
  • animal unable to eructate/ belch up gases
  • can result in sudden death

88
Bloat Prevention
  • Bloat Guard
  • Pre-mix
  • Molasses-mineral block
  • Ionophores
  • Rumensin- effective approved in stocker, feeder,
    beef cows, dairy beef replacement heifers
    calves goats
  • Bovatec- not very effective
  • Must be consumed on the same day that bloating
    may occur

89
Toxic Plants
  • Japanese Yew (Taxus)
  • Oak/Acorns
  • Buckeye
  • Osage orange (hedgeapple)

90
Equine Diseases
  • Abortions Leptospira
  • Rhinopneumonitis
  • Equine Viral Arteritis
  • Diarrhea Rotavirus
  • Salmonella
  • Encephalomyelitis EEE, WEE, VEE (sleeping
    sickness)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Western EE,
    Venezuelan EE
  • Equine Infectious Anemia- Coggins test VET-10

91
Equine Diseases
  • Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
  • Grain overload
  • Laminitis/ founder
  • Parasites
  • Internal- bots, small and large strongyles,
    tapeworms
  • External- flies, mosquitoes
  • Potomac Horse Fever

92
Equine Diseases
  • Respiratory Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
  • Influenza
  • Rhinopneumonitis
  • Rhodococcus
  • Strangles
  • Tetanus- from puncture wounds

93
Equine Emergencies
  • Colic (abdominal pain) ASC 128
  • Eye injuries
  • Dystocia
  • difficult delivery gt20 min after water breaks
  • Retained placenta
  • gt 4 hours

94
Equine Vaccines
  • Tetanus toxoid
  • Encephalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, VEE)
  • Influenza
  • Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1 EHV-4)
  • Strangles
  • Rabies
  • West Nile Virus
  • Potomac Horse Fever
  • Botulism
  • Equine Viral Arteritis
  • Rotavirus A

95
Poultry Diseases
  • Avian Infuenza virus
  • Blackhead protozoan
  • Coccidiosis protozoan
  • Fowl Cholera bacteria
  • Fowl Pox- wet or dry virus
  • Infectious Bronchitis virus
  • Infectious Coryza bacteria
  • Laryngotracheitis virus
  • Mareks disease virus
  • Newcastle virus
  • Mites, lice parasite

96
Poultry Vaccines
  • Avian Infuenza
  • Fowl Cholera
  • Fowl Pox- wet or dry
  • Infectious Bronchitis
  • Laryngotracheitis
  • Mareks disease
  • Newcastle

97
Swine (Porcine) Diseases
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Atrophic rhinitis (Pasteurella/ Bordetella)
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • E. coli
  • Erysipelas
  • Haemophilus parasuis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • Porcine Parvovirus

98
Swine (Porcine) Diseases
  • Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome
    (PRRS)
  • Pseudorabies Virus
  • Rotavirus
  • Salmonella
  • Streptococcus suis
  • Swine dysentery
  • Swine Influenza Virus
  • Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

99
Swine Vaccines
  • Atrophic rhinitis
  • Actinobacillus
  • Clostridium
  • E. coli
  • Erysipelas
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mycoplasma
  • Parvovirus
  • Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome
    (PRRS)
  • Pseudorabies Virus
  • TGE

100
LDDC Necropsy Cattle Diagnoses
  • Diagnosis 2003 2002 2001 2000
  • Pneumonia 296 345 387 252
  • Scours 200 145 163 130
  • Blackleg 55 56 41 45
  • BVD 22 16 30 14
  • Johnes Disease 3 9 3 9
  • No Diagnosis 81

101
Decision to Treat Pneumonia
  • Change in calf appearance or behavior
  • Depression
  • Appetite
  • Respiratory Index
  • Temperature

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103
Decision to Treat Pneumonia
  • Normal temperature 101.5- 102.5oF
  • Most treat when over 104.5oF
  • Dependent on time of year fescue endophyte
    exposure
  • Want a minimum of 3 days of antibiotic
    treatment more if suspect Mycoplasma

104
Pneumonia Treatment CostsEstimates for 500 lb.
Calf
1 Meat withdrawal time 2 Extralabel drug use
By Prescription
105
Caution
  • Gentocin- minimum meat withdrawal time is 18
    months
  • Other drugs are approved for treating pneumonia.
    Gentocin is not approved.

106
Johnes Disease
107
Johnes disease - cause
  • Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
    (MAP)
  • This organism is very hardy in the environment
    and is relatively resistant to many
    disinfectants
  • Infected at lt 6 months oral route primarily
  • Clinical signs 2-4 years of age

108
Johnes disease - prevention
  • If you dont have Johnes disease,
  • DONT BUY IT !!!
  • Ask questions and purchase from herds in a
    testing program if possible
  • KDA has voluntary Johnes program to help pay for
    testing samples must sign Management Agreement
    Plan

109
LDDC NecropsyGoat Diagnoses
  • Diagnosis 2003 2002 2001 2000
  • Parasites 63 60 23 16
  • Coccidiosis 42 39 24 9
  • Haemonchosis 51 23 12 16
  • Pneumonia 55 81 35 32
  • Enteritis/scours 44
  • Listeriosis 12 14 3 -
  • Johnes Disease 2 - 1 1

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111
LDDC Goat NecropsyParasitism Case DX
112
LDDC Goat Necropsy Haemonchus Case DX
113
Coccidia Due to Stress Over crowding
114
LDDC Goat Necropsy Coccidiosis Case DX
115
Internal Parasites
Where are the worms?
90 on the pasture
116
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117
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118
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119
Parasite Transmission Patterns inSouthern Cow
/Calf Herds
120
When to deworm?Fecal Examination
  • To monitor current deworming programs thru fecal
    egg counts and parasite identification
  • Do before deworming
  • Can recheck after deworming to evaluate
    effectiveness
  • Primarily do in goats

121
Life Cycle of Haemonchus contortus
http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/sheep/410-027/figure1.h
tml
Image courtesy of Biozetica
122
Classes of Dewormers
Imidazole/ Pyrimidine
Benzimidazole
Macrolide
Drug Class
Safeguard/ Panacur Synathic/
Benzelmin Valbazen
Levasole/ Tramisol Rumatel StrongidT
Ivomec Dectomax Eprinex Cydectin
Trade Names
Do not use in first trimester pregnancy
Minimize use to preserve efficacy
123
Drug Resistance
  • Ability of worms in a population to survive drug
    treatments that are generally effective against
    the same species and stage of infection at the
    same dose rate
  • Result of drug selection

124
Selective Treatment
  • FAMACHA

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126
BQA Goal
  • To ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped
    from a beef production unit are healthy,
    wholesome and safe and their management has met
    FDA, USDA and EPA standards.

127
Good Design Principles
Source Temple Grandin (2000)
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129
Use Only Approved Drugs
  • FDA approved drugs
  • OTC (over-the-counter)- do not need Rx
  • Prescription (Rx)
  • adequate instructions for use cannot be printed
    on the label or the drug has significant
    potential for toxicity in humans or animals
  • CAUTION Federal law restricts this drug to use
    by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

130
Use Only Approved Drugs
  • Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU)
  • OTC drugs must be used exactly as labeled
  • off-label or extra-label use
  • Can be applied to both OTC Rx drugs
  • Allows higher dosages or in different species
  • Conditions
  • There is no drug labeled for the health problem
  • Limited to treatment that prevents animal
    suffering or death or health is threatened
  • Extended meat withdrawal times are used
  • Requires a DVM signature
  • Not on the label

131
Examples of Label Types Extra Label Drug Use
132
Use Only Approved Drugs
  • Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU)
  • Extra Label use of feed additives is illegal
  • Not for production purposes only health
  • weight gain
  • feed efficiency
  • Drugs approved for these uses cannot be altered
    by a veterinarian

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