The Michelson interferometer produces interference fringes by splitting a beam of monochromatic ligh

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Refraction
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The broken pencil
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The broken pencil
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These two images illustrate refraction by
liquids. Which glass contains plain water, and
which glass contains sugar-water? (Wood, 2003)
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http//elenakalis.carbonmade.com/
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Index of Refraction                
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Understanding refraction
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Rear View Mirror Explained                      
                  
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nwater 4/3
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To spear the fish in the figure, one must aim at
a spot in front of the fish
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The secret of the Archer fish
In the quiet waters of the Orient, there is an
unusual fish known as the Archer fish. The Archer
fish is unlike any other fish in that the Archer
fish finds its prey living outside the water. An
insect, butterfly, spider or similar creature is
the target of the Archer fish's powerful spray of
water. The Archer fish will search for prey that
are resting upon a branch or twig above the
water. With pinpoint accuracy, the fish knocks
the prey off the branch using a powerful jet of
water. The prey falls to the water as the Archer
fish simultaneously swims directly to the
location on the surface where the prey strikes
the water, wasting no time to retrieve its meal.
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WATER MAGNIFIER
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Cone of Light
Crictical angle for water 48.8o Light within
the 97.6o cone is detected by fish, while nothing
in the air outside that  cone can be seen.  The
only light reaching the fish outside the cone is
that light (not shown) which is reflected off the
bottom of the pool.
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Refraction

• Critical angle and Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

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Total Internal Reflection
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John Tyndalls Experiment 1870
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Invention 1970
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The optical fiber cable in the foreground has the
equivalent information-carrying capacity of the
copper cable in the background
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Fiber optics can be more than a million times
faster than wireless connection
A single optical fiber can carry about 3 trillion
bits per second (bps). The fastest wireless
service (fixed wireless access) approaches 2
million bps.. Dense wave division multiplexing
(DWDM) is the process of putting many colors of
light-each carrying its own data stream-onto a
single strand of fiber-optics cable and sorting
out the data streams at the other end
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Optical fibers in medicine
Arthroscopic Surgery                            
 
 Bronchoscope
Colonoscope
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Why do diamonds spark?
So, if you really want to use a certain shape or
cut of gem, and you find that you have "bow ties"
(dark facets) or "fish eyes" (places in the
center of the jewel where there are no
reflections,) a quick fix is to increase n
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How an angle can affect a sparkle?
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Critical angle in air
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