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Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines

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Title: Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines


1
NeurotransmittersCatecholamines
AcetylcholineChapters 5 6
  • Catecholamines
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • GABA

2
Neurotransmitter Families
Neurotransmitters
3
Structural features of catecholamines
4
Synthesis of Catecholamines
rate-limiting enzyme
5
CatecholeminesSome adjectives
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • dopaminergic
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • noradrenergic
  • Epinephrine (EPI)
  • adrenergic

6
Storage of Catecholaminesvesicular monoamine
transporter protein (VMAT2)
7
Behavioral effects of reserpine
http//home.caregroup.org/clinical/altmed/interact
ions/Images/Herbs/rauwolfi.gif
8
Dopamine Systems in the Brain
  • Mesolimbic pathway
  • Reinforcement
  • Mesocortical pathway
  • Planning
  • Nigrostriatal pathway
  • Movement

9
Parkinsons Disease Damage to the substantia
nigra
http//www.urmc.rochester.edu/neuroslides/slides/s
lide199.jpg
10
Causes of Parkinsons Disease
  • Degeneration of substantia nigra
  • Less dopaminergic activity in basal ganglia
  • Discovery of MPPP ? MPTP and MPP

11
A typical dopaminergic neuron
12
D1 and D2 receptors
13
Norepinephrine
http//homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy3
01/Salinas/sec2/Brain/31.GIF
14
Role of the locus coeruleus in vigilance
15
Functions of Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Neuromuscular junction (movement)
  • Central nervous system (learning and memory)

16
Acetylcholine Receptors
  • Nicotinic receptors
  • Neuromuscular junctions
  • Ionotropic (ion channel)
  • Curare works on these receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors
  • Metatropic (second messengers)
  • Hippocampus, striatum
  • Morphine
  • Also located in heart and smooth muscles
  • Nightshade

17
Serotonin (5-HT)
  • Mood
  • Appetite
  • Sleep

18
Features of a serotonergic neuron
19
Glutamate
  • Is an amino acid
  • Made from breakdown of glucose
  • Used for
  • Making other proteins
  • Metabolism (energy)
  • Excitatory neurotransmitter

20
Glutamate
  • Excitotoxicity
  • Excessive exposure to glutamate which leads to
    cell damage or cell death
  • Examples
  • Domoic acid
  • Strokes

21
GABA
  • GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of
    the central nervous system.
  • The GABAA receptor interacts with a number of
    drugs.

22
Why is Inhibition Important?
  • Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) hitches a ride to
    the central nervous system from a wound site
    using the retrograde transport system within
    axons.
  • The toxin binds to receptor sites for
    gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and cant be
    dislodged.
  • Without normal inhibitory input from GABA,
    muscles begin to go into sudden, involuntary
    contractions, or spasms.
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