Transport Fuels for the Future - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Transport Fuels for the Future

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Title: Transport Fuels for the Future


1
Inland Transport Committee Round Table, 20
February 2002, Geneva
  • Transport Fuels for the Future
  • Neville Thompson,
  • David Rickeard
  • CONCAWE

2
TRANSPORT FUELS FOR THE FUTURE
  • Achievements to date, future challenges
  • Drivers for changes to fuels
  • Fuels for advanced conventional vehicles
  • Fuel requirements of longer term vehicle options
  • CONCAWE activities
  • Conclusions

3
DRAMATIC REDUCTION IN REGULATED EMISSIONS
4
ROAD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTION DECLINING
Source European Commission
5
NEW FOCUS ON GREENHOUSE GASES
Future challenge Reduce CO2 while maintaining
low regulated emissions
6
MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN FUEL QUALITY ACHIEVED
  • Real benefits when fuel change enables a step
    change in engine / after-treatment technology

7
TRANSPORT FUELS FOR THE FUTURE
  • Achievements to date, future challenges
  • Drivers for changes to fuels
  • Fuels for advanced conventional vehicles
  • Fuel requirements of longer term vehicle options
  • CONCAWE activities
  • Conclusions

8
FUTURE FUEL NEEDS DEPEND ON VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
  • Conventional vehicle developments
  • Advanced gasoline engines
  • Direct Injection, Variable Valve Actuation,
    Downsizing
  • Improved diesel engines
  • Multiple high pressure injections, Exhaust gas
    recirculation
  • Advanced after-treatment
  • Lean NOx converters, PM traps, Improved TWC
  • Hybrids
  • gt Sulphur-free fuels meet the needs of all
    these vehicles
  • Novel combustion systems e.g. HCCI need more
    study
  • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
  • Best way to deliver hydrogen to the vehicle still
    unclear
  • Gasoline-type, methanol, direct hydrogen ?
  • gt New fuels will be required, but more work
    needed

9
CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES DOMINATE FUTURE MARKET
Source EUCAR
  • Changes will be gradual as new vehicles enter the
    fleet
  • Increased diesel / reduced gasoline demand
    expected
  • Slow penetration of new technologies, e.g. fuel
    cell vehicles

10
TRANSPORT FUELS FOR THE FUTURE
  • Achievements to date, future challenges
  • Drivers for changes to fuels
  • Fuels for advanced conventional vehicles
  • Fuel requirements of longer term vehicle options
  • CONCAWE activities
  • Conclusions

11
LOWER SULPHUR FUELS ENABLE ADVANCED VEHICLES
  • Advanced engines and after-treatment systems can
    achieve very low emissions with low Sulphur fuels

LD Diesel NEDC emissions
Source DETR/SMMT/CONCAWE Particulates
programme and AECC
  • Influence of other fuel properties becomes small

12
REFINERY CO2 INCREASES WITH FUEL CHANGES
Refinery CO2 Emissions, EU-15
Source CONCAWE
  • Future fuel changes need careful evaluation on a
    well-to-wheels basis

13
GHG EMISSIONS NEED WELL-TO-WHEELS APPROACH
  • Conventional fuels require a relatively small
    proportion of energy for their manufacture
  • Reducing C/H ratio by hydrogenation is always CO2
    negative
  • Energy use and GHG emissions in production of
    alternative fuels can be substantial
  • Well-to-wheels approach is needed to identify the
    best options
  • Definitive answers not easy
  • Results very sensitive to the input assumptions
  • Ongoing research effort needed
  • CONCAWE actively involved

14
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR IC ENGINES
Source Shell, SAE Paper 2001-01-1343
  • No clear advantage for alternative fuels in
    Internal Combustion Engines
  • Hybrid vehicles show promise

15
BIOFUELS PROVIDE LIMITED OVERALL ENERGY CREDIT
Net Energy Saved
Probably achievable
Better
Source CONCAWE
  • Benefits highly dependent on assumptions on use
    of co-products
  • Use of all set-aside land in EU-15 would replace
    lt 2 of road transport fuels on an energy basis

16
BIOFUELS PROVIDE LIMITED OVERALL GHG CREDIT
GHG reduction versus conventional fuels
RME, accounting for N2O emissions, refs 45
Better
Source CONCAWE
  • Assumptions on agricultural N2O emissions are
    critical
  • Other measures to reduce CO2 emissions are more
    cost effective

17
TRANSPORT FUELS FOR THE FUTURE
  • Achievements to date, future challenges
  • Drivers for changes to fuels
  • Fuels for advanced conventional vehicles
  • Fuel requirements of longer term vehicle options
  • CONCAWE activities
  • Conclusions

18
WHY ARE FUEL CELL VEHICLES ATTRACTIVE?
  • Potential for high vehicle efficiency
  • Hence lower CO2 emissions
  • Very low or zero regulated pollutant emissions

GM HydroGen 1
TOYOTA FCHV-3
  • Cautions Development at an early stage
  • Conventional vehicles compete strongly
  • Best source of hydrogen not yet clear

19
FUEL CELLS NEED CLEAN HYDROGEN
  • Free hydrogen does not exist naturally
  • Hydrogen is an energy carrier, not a source
  • It has to be generated from naturally occurring
    compounds
  • Implies energy use and hence GHG emissions
  • Hydrogen can be delivered to the vehicle in two
    ways
  • Direct hydrogen supply to the vehicle
  • On-board the vehicle using a hydrogen containing
    fluid
  • More work is needed on production, supply and
    storage issues
  • Codes and standards for safe use also important

20
RENEWABLE HYDROGEN HAS LONG TERM POTENTIAL
  • A renewable source of hydrogen would avoid carbon
    emissions
  • Large scale renewable hydrogen remains a long way
    off
  • Currently high cost, small volumes
  • Lack of hydrogen storage/distribution
    infrastructure
  • Near term options still being developed
  • direct hydrogen
  • on-board reforming of liquid fuels

21
FUEL CELL FUELS - THE OPTIONS
Challenges
Fuel Supplied to Vehicle
Benefits
  • Simplest vehicle system
  • No emissions on the vehicle
  • Higher energy density
  • Low emissions
  • Highest energy density
  • Provides highest well to wheel efficiency
  • Infrastructure exists
  • Low emissions
  • Efficient/safe storage solution
  • Emissions from hydrogen production
  • Low energy density
  • Infrastructure development
  • Requires on-board processor
  • Fuel is toxic and water soluble
  • Infrastructure development
  • Requires on-board processor
  • Hydrogen
  • Methanol
  • Liquid Hydrocarbons, e.g. gasoline

On-board reforming of hydrocarbon fuels appears
the best near term option
22
FUEL CELLS AND HYBRIDS OFFER CO2 IMPROVEMENTS
Source GM-Argonne study based on US
data. European study underway
  • Hydrogen from electrolysis is inefficient with
    conventional electricity
  • Renewable or nuclear electricity would change the
    balance

23
RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TO HYDROGEN ?
  • Renewable electricity is a limited resource
  • Can be used in different ways
  • Producing hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles does
    not maximise the overall GHG benefit

24
TRANSPORT FUELS FOR THE FUTURE
  • Achievements to date, future challenges
  • Drivers for changes to fuels
  • Fuels for advanced conventional vehicles
  • Fuel requirements of longer term vehicle options
  • CONCAWE activities
  • Conclusions

25
CONCAWE ACTIVITIES
  • CONCAWE committed to principles that developments
    should be based on sound science, transparency
    and cost-effectiveness

Technology surveys - emissions legislation, -
fuel qualities, - engines/after-treatment
Fuel requirements of advanced engines - diesel -
gasoline
Technical input on legislative developments
Particulate emissions - DG TREN Consortium - GRPE
programme
Well to wheels analysis on alternate
fuels/vehicles - EUCAR/JRC partnership
26
CONCLUSIONS
  • Conventional fuels and vehicles will dominate
    road transport for the foreseeable future
  • Lower sulphur maximises the potential of advanced
    vehicle emissions systems
  • Changes to other fuel properties provide little
    emissions benefit
  • Increased application of biofuels needs careful
    assessment
  • Fuel requirements of advanced engines need to be
    assessed as the systems are developed
  • Fuel cell vehicles have promise but remain far
    from volume production
  • Large scale renewable hydrogen remains far off
  • On-board reforming of hydrocarbon fuel is a
    promising option
  • Sound well to wheels studies are key to
    evaluating future options
  • CONCAWE actively supporting work in this area
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