Chapter 16 Gradation, Weathering and Mass Movement

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Fig. 16-CO, p. 446
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Study Guide Chapter 16
1. Explain how the groundwater system
operates. 2. Describe the zones of aeration and
saturation. 3. Locate the water table on a
diagram. 4. Is the water table higher or lower in
a humid climate? Why? 5. What is
porosity? 6. Distinguish between an aquifer and
aquiclude. 7. What is an artesian well? 8. What
climate and rocks form karst landforms. 9. What
are stalactites and stalagmites.
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Underground Water and Karst Formations

• Aquifer- A rock formation that stores and
  transmits water.
• Aquiclude- A rock formation that restricts
  passage of water and limited storage capacity.
• The ability to store water depends on porosity
  and permeability.

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Porosity and Permeability

• Porosity-Proportion of space between the
  particles that make up the soil or rock. Affects
  storage of water.
• Permeability-Ability to allow passage of water
  through the soil.

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Fig. 16-4, p. 450
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Soil Types and Aquifer Ability

• Good Aquifers
• Sand, sandstone, limestone
• Porous and Permeable

• Aquicludes
• Clay or Granite
• Restricts passage of water

• Poor Aquifer Ability
• Slate, Shale
• Impermeable and nonporous

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Similar to Fig. 16.5
Precipitation
Runoff
Infiltration
Confined Recharge Area
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Infiltration
stream
Lake
Flowing artesian well
Well requiring a pump
Unconfined aquifer
Confining permeable rock layer
Confined aquifer
Less permeable material such as clay
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Fig. 16-7, p. 453
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Karst Formations

• Results from chemical action between limestone
  and water.
• A famous example of a karst formation is Carlsbad
  Caverns.

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stalagmites
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stalactites
Hold tight from the ceiling