Title: ENDURINGVISION CH 6 NOTES: War and Revolution: (notes go through end of the War - 1783
1ENDURINGVISION CH 6 NOTES War and Revolution
(notes go through end of the War - 1783
- America's first Civil War (debatable
terminology) - a. Against the British
- b. Patriots (Whigs) vs. Loyalists
(Tories) - Loyalists and other British Sympathizers
- 20 of all whites (Mostly NY and NJ)
- Recent British emigrants and French
Canadians - 20000 escaped slaves
- most Indian tribes
2Opposing Sides
- American advantages
- didn't have to conquer the redcoats,
only resist until support faded - Americans mobilized smaller
population more effectively - American disadvantages
- 20 of free population opposed to
the revolution - good guerrilla fighters but poorly
trained for heated battles - few experienced officers
- British advantages
- 11 mil. to 2.5 mil.
- world's largest navy
- one of the best professional armies
- British disadvantages
- difficulty recruiting
- 21,000 loyalists
- 30,000 Hessian mercenaries
- financial strain was formidable
3Revolution in the North 17751776
Early fighting in the north primarily covered New
York to the border of Canada. The US was led
early on by General Benedict Arnold.
4Second Continental Congress
Representatives brought money to help establish
the
Continental Army (i.e. pay soldiers, buy guns,
bullets, food, and uniforms
5 6George Washington - Commander of the Continental
Army
- George Washington
- Chosen commander because experience in
imperial wars with France - Much of the success of the campaign
rested in his ability to inspire his men to
continue fighting despite numerous defeats.
Martha Custis Washington
7The Olive Branch Petition
- Most colonial delegates still hoped for
reconciliation and offered the Olive Branch
Petition to George III - Olive Branch Petition
- Cease fire at Boston
- Repeal of the Coercive Acts
- Negotiations to establish American Rights
- British ignored this and declared colonists in
rebellion Dec. 1775
8Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776)
- Paine's political pamphlet brought the rising
revolutionary sentiment into sharp focus by
placing blame for the suffering of the colonies
directly on the reigning British monarch, George
III. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated
an immediate declaration of independence,
postulating a special moral obligation of America
to the rest of the world. Not long after
publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found
resonance in the American Declaration of
Independence. (www.earlyamerica.com)
96_27.jpg
10The Declaration of Independence Who was involved?
- Benjamin Franklin
- John Adams
- Robert R. Livingston
- Roger Sherman
- Thomas Jefferson
11War In Earnest (1776-1777)
- 1776-1777 most fighting - New York (Long Island)
and New Jersey (Trenton and Princeton) - New Jersey battleground between Loyalists
Whigs. - Most Loyalists moved to Canada, England or the
British West Indies at the end of the war.
12Early Fighting in New Jersey
13Trenton, NJ (Dec. 25, 1776)
- The effect of the battle of Trenton was out of
all proportion to the numbers involved and the
casualties. The American effort across the
colonies was galvanized and the psychological
dominance achieved by the British in the
preceding year overturned. Washingtons constant
problem was to maintain the enthusiasm of his
army for the war, particularly with the system of
one year recruitment and Trenton proved a much
needed encouragement. (www.britishbattles.com)
14Princeton, NJ (Jan. 3, 1777)
- The effect of the battles of Trenton and
Princeton were to clear most of New Jersey of the
British presence. The battles impressed upon the
European powers that the Americans were able to
confront the British Army and the decisive
intervention of France and Spain in the
Revolutionary War came a step closer. General
Washington showed himself to be a leader of
resource and decision. - (www.britishbattles.com)
15NewYork Pennsylvania Theater, 17771778
- Brandywine Creek, PA
- Germantown, PA
- Valley Forge, PA
- Monmouth Courthouse, NJ
- ---
- Saratoga, NY
- Lake Champlain, NY
16Brandywine Creek, PA (Sept. 11, 1776)
- Brandywine is not considered a decisive battle.
Nevertheless it hastened the loss of Philadelphia
to the British. The British failed to exploit
their success. - (www.britishbattles.com)
17Germantown, PA (Oct. 4, 1777)
- The British won the battle although failing to
follow up the success, permitting Washington to
withdraw and reform his army behind fortified
positions. - (www.britishbattles.com)
18Valley Forge, PA (Winter 1777-78)
- Valley Forge is the story of the six month
encampment of the Continental Army of the newly
formed United States of America under the command
of General George Washington, a few miles from
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Though no battle was
fought here from December 19, 1777 to June 19,
1778, a struggle against the elements and low
morale was overcome on this sacred ground.
(www.ushistory.org)
19Monmouth, NJ (1778)
- The Battle of Monmouth was an indecisive
engagement in the American Revolution fought on
June 28, 1778, near Monmouth Courthouse (now
Freehold), N.J. - During the battle, the heroism of the wife of
one of the American soldiers who assisted the
American forces gave rise to the legend of Molly
Pitcher.It was the last major conflict in the
North and the war's biggest one-day battle.
20Saratoga, NY (Sept. 19, 1777)The Turning Point
- the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in
the Americans' War of Independence. - Americans sought French diplomatic recognition
and military alliance - Oct. 1777 at Saratoga an American victory
convinced Louis XVI (16th) the Colonies were a
viable country - Feb. 1778, France recognized the USA
- June 1778, France declared war on Britain
(Spanish and Dutch also declared war on England) - British troops were diverted elsewhere
21War in the South, 17801781
- 8. Victory in the South
- 1778-1780 British focused on the Carolinas
- Headed back to Virginia in 1781 and established
a base on Yorktown Peninsula, Virginia - Surrounded in Summer 1781 by American and
French armies and a French fleet under Admiral De
Grasse - October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered.
Fighting ended.
22Revolutionary War in the South
23Charleston, SC - May 1780
- Port of Charleston captured by the British as
part of their Southern Strategy
24Camden, SC - August 1780
- Continental Army General Horatio Gates defeated
badly by British General Lord CharlesCornwallis
25General Nathanael Greene - The Fighting Quaker
- Arguably the most ABLE officer in the Continental
Army besides Washington - Appointed to replace the southern commander
()after the fall of Charleston, SC - Tactics weakened Cornwallis in the South and
forced the British to withdraw due to heavy
casualties.
26Cowpens, SC - Jan. 1780
- Patriot victory which surprised the British
- General Francis Marion The Swamp Fox
27Kings Mountain, SC - October 7, 1780
- A pivotal and significant victory by American
Patriots over American Loyalists during the
Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War. - The battle fought on October 7, 1780 destroyed
the left wing of Cornwallis' army and effectively
ended Loyalist ascendance in the Carolinas. - The victory
- halted the British advance into North Carolina,
- forced Lord Cornwallis to retreat from Charlotte
into South Carolina, and - gave General Nathanael Greene the opportunity to
reorganize the American army.
28Guilford Courthouse, NC - March 15, 1781
- British won a Pyrrhic victory
- British entered VA.
- Americans returned to Carolinas - denied British
complete control of Carolinas
29Yorktown, VA - Oct. 19, 1781surrender of General
Cornwallis
- Oh God, its all over!
- Cornwallis trapped on Yorktown peninsula
- Forced to surrender British forces to Continental
Army
30- Washington at Verplanks Point (p. 164)
31Cornwallis at Yorktown
32The Revolutionary War in the WestGeorge Rogers
Clark's Campaign, 17781779
- Frontier campaigns
- British, USA and Indians fought a
vigorous series of battles in trans-Appalachia. - Whoever won would control land west of the
Appalachians. - General George Rogers Clark victorious
33- Map 6.3 Native Americans and the War in the West,
1778-1779 (p. 177)
34The Peace of Paris 1782-1783
- Americans represented by John Adams, John Jay,
and Benjamin Franklin (June 1782) - British recognized American independence
- British removed all troops from American soil.
- Mississippi River became western boundary of USA
- New Orleans, East and West Florida went to
Spain
35page248.jpg
36- A Black Loyalist Pass, 1783 (p. 186)