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Title: 4' History: Egypt from Dynasty 1820 15501080 BCE


1
4. History Egypt from Dynasty 18-20 (1550-1080
BCE) the Hittites
  • BOT612 Old Testament Backgrounds

2
The New Kingdom
  • "With the accession of Ahmose about 1558 BC, the
    expulsion of the Hyksos during his reign, and the
    reunification of the country by the south, Egypt
    involved herself in the destinies of her
    neighbors and initiated a radically new ear in
    her history. The northward thrusts of the Theban
    dynasts continued until the Egyptians crossed the
    Euphrates River fifty years later. Egyptian
    armies fought at Megiddo in Palestine and Kadesh
    on the Syrian Orontes. The same dynasty erected
    Egyptian temples on a grand scale 1,280 miles
    south of Memphis, at Gebel Barkal in the

3
The New Kingdom
  • Sudan. The vast riches that the state accrued
    through these foreign expeditions changed the
    very fabric of Egyptian society. No longer could
    Egypt function as a Nilotic kingdom in relative
    isolation. This was an age of intense political
    and diplomatic activity in which the main
    protagonists were Egypt, the Mittani state on the
    Middle Euphrates, the Hittite Kingdom in
    Anatolia, Assyria in northern Mesopotamia,
    Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia, and a host of
    principalities in Syria and Palestine. Ethnic
    movements involving the Amorites, the Canaanites,
    the

4
The New Kingdom
  • Sea Peoples, and the masses across the Causcasus
    both changed the political and cultural
    configuration of the Near East and came to play a
    part in the early history of Greece and the
    Aegean world. . . . The Thutmosid Dynasty of
    Theban princes, founded by Ahmose, ruled for
    about 250 years as Dyn. 18 and was succeeded by
    the Ramesside dynasties, installed by Horemheb,
    which endured for some 220 years as Dyns. 19 and
    20." Hallo Simpson, 255-6

5
Dynasty 18
  • Ahmose 1558-1533
  • Amunhotpe 1533-1512
  • Thutmose I 1512-1500
  • Thutmose II 1500-1490
  • Queen Hatshepsut 1490-1469
  • Thutmose III 1490-1436
  • Amunhotpe II 1438-1412
  • Thutmose IV 1412-1402
  • Amunhotpe III 1402-1363
  • Akhenaten 1363-1347
  • Smenkhkara 1349-1347
  • Tutankhamun 1347-1338
  • Ay 1337-1333
  • Horemheb 1333-1303

6
Dynasty 18
  • 1. "Dyn. 18 can be divided into several major
    subdivisions. The early Ahmosid stage consists of
    Ahmoses (1558-1533), Amunhotpe I (1533-1512),
    Thutmose I (1512-1500), Thutmose II (1500-1490),
    and Hatshepsut (1490-1569). Although there were
    some military campaigns after the expulsion of
    the Hyksos, the period was basically
    unmilitaristic in its outlook. Yet Thutmose I
    could have boasted that his empire reached from
    the third cataract in the south to the Euphrates
    in the North."

7
Dynasty 18
  • 1.1 "By the reign of Thutmose I (ca. 15241518),
    the Egyptians had more than tripled their domains
    in Nubia."
  • 1.2 The peril to Egypts northern frontier was
    not exorcised, however, by the Hyksos defeat. .
    . . It is clear, . . . that the pharaohs were
    occasionally compelled to lead their armies far
    beyond their borders during the half-century that
    followed Ahmose Is reunification of Egypt.
    Military exercises such as the campaign of
    Thutmose I up to the banks of the Euphrates
    River, together with the wars that secured
    Egypts hold on Nubia, helped to forge the
    military facets of the kings institutional
    identity. There is little evidence, however, that
    these activities

8
Dynasty 18
  • in western Asia were as yet motivated by the
    imperialist spirit so apparent in Egypts policy
    toward the south. An empire was no doubt easier
    to impose in Nubia than in the culturally more
    diverse and politically complex environment of
    Syria-Palestine, where the Egyptians already
    faced a potential rival in the kingdom of
    Mitanni. It appears, however, that while the
    Pharaohs were resolute in the face of
    provocation, they were not prepared at this point
    to commit themselves to much more than a
    defensive posture toward western Asia."

9
Dynasty 18
  • 1.3 At home, Ahmose I and his son Amenhotep I
    (ca. 15511524) took in hand the reorganization
    of Egypt after nearly two centuries of disunity.
    Internal affairs were managed by one or two
    viziers (one for Upper and Lower Egypt
    respectively, a division of office attested by
    the reign of Thutmose III and intermittently
    thereafter)."

10
Dynasty 18
  • 1.4 "The first major crisis was dynastic,
    involving tensions within the royal family, which
    festered over the next three generations. For
    lack of a male heir, Amenhotep I went outside the
    immediate royal family and appointed Thutmose I
    as his successor." . . . Thutmose I marries
    Amenhotep's daughter and the concept of
    Matriarchy is strengthened and will reach a new
    level with Hatshepsut.

11
Dynasty 18
  • 1.6 "Out of the royal burial and mortuary-cult
    program developed some major new features,
    foremost of which was the separation of the
    burial and the cult temples."

12
Dynasty 18
  • 2. "As a second main division we can include the
    independent reign of Thutmose III (1469-1436),
    the reign of Amunhotpe II (1438-1412), and
    perhaps that of Thutmose IV (1412-1402). The
    first two of these reigns, in contrast to those
    of the preceding period, were extremely
    militaristic, with almost annual campaigns in
    Syria and Palestine."

13
Dynasty 18
  • 2.1 "The resolution of the dynastic crisis in
    Egypt coincided with the rise of a fresh
    challenge from western Asia. During the last
    years of Hatshepsuts reign, the king of Kadesh
    had succeeded in forging an alliance with over
    three hundred Syro-Palestinian principalities.
    This was a development that the Egyptians, from
    their experience of the Hyksos invasion, could
    only regard with apprehension. In his first and
    most celebrated campaign (1483), Thutmose III
    surprised the confederate princes at Megiddo and,
    after a seven-month siege, was able to dictate
    terms. The fate of the vanquished princes,
    however, was unexpectedly mild tribute and an
    oath of loyalty to the pharaoh were all that was
    required

14
Dynasty 18
  • in most cases. These provisions marked a
    departure in Egypts relations with her Asiatic
    neighbors reciprocal obligations between vassal
    and overlord were now extended more widely and
    systematically than ever before, and the
    Egyptians were committed to a consistent pattern
    of involvement in Syria and Palestine."

15
Dynasty 18
  • 2.2 The stability that Thutmose III sought
    through this farsighted policy was not, however,
    to be won quickly. Continued resistance from
    major states such as Kadesh and Tunip encouraged
    other cities to rebel and eventually triggered
    the direct involvement of Mitanni, the rival
    superpower in the north. The ensuing struggle,
    prolonged over the next three generations,
    demonstrated the futility of the major powers
    efforts to prevail over one another. Having
    secured the Syro-Palestinian coastline, as well
    as the interior of Palestine, Thutmose III next
    carried the war deep into enemy territory. In
    1473 he equaled Thutmose Is earlier feat of
    campaigning on the River Euphrates, thus
    demonstrating Mitannis

16
Dynasty 18
  • vulnerability on her own borders (Faulkner
    1946). This lesson was driven home repeatedly in
    Thutmose IIIs later years, which witnessed
    numerous incursions into the Mitannian vassals
    territories. The Mitannians countered by inciting
    rebellions within Egypts sphere of influence,
    precipitating fresh campaigns by Amenhotep II
    (ca. 14531419) and Thutmose IV (ca. 14191386).
    By the close of the 15th cent., competition
    between the superpowers had become a vicious
    circle that benefited neither one. The time had
    now come for Egypt and Mitanni to stabilize their
    respective spheres of influence in the Middle
    East.

17
Dynasty 18
  • 3. "The third subdivision represents the last
    part of the reign of Thutmose IV and the entire
    reign of Amunhotpe III (1402-1363). It was a age
    of extreme luxury in the royal court,
    unparalleled building schemes for the palaces and
    temples, and intense diplomatic maneuvering
    abroad."

18
Dynasty 18
  • 3.1 "Peace between Egypt and Mitanni was
    celebrated by the first of several diplomatic
    marriages when Thutmose IV married a daughter of
    the Mitannian king Artatama. This marriage tie
    between the royal families, maintained over the
    next two generations in Egypt (Schulman 1979),
    symbolized the peace that, with the two empires
    rapprochement, now extended from the Nile to the
    Euphrates. Cordial relations between Egypt and
    Mitanni removed barriers to trade between their
    territories and helped to expand commercial and
    diplomatic contacts with other regions, notably
    Cyprus, Hatti, Assyria, and Babylon. Peace
    between the superpowers also helped suppress,
    even if it did not eliminate, rivalries and
    occasional lawlessness among their vassals."

19
Dynasty 18
  • 3.2 Amunhotpe III Queen Teye "The queen,
    whose parents were not of royal lineage, was
    extraordinary personality. She is represented in
    statuary and is included in many royal
    inscriptions. The prominence accorded to her and
    to the later queens in the dynasty, especially
    Nefertiti, is unparalleled in prior Egyptian
    history."

20
Dynasty 18
  • 4. "The fourth stage of the dynasty encompasses
    the extraordinary reign of Amunhotpe IV
    (Akhenaten) (1363-1347) and those of Smenkhkare
    (1349-1347), Tutankhamun (1347-1338), and Ayheb
    (1337-1333)."

21
Dynasty 18
  • 4.1 "Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) is one of the best
    known, yet among the most mysterious, of the
    pharaohs. A younger son of Amenhotep III, he
    became crown prince on the premature death of an
    elder brother.
  • 4.2 "An obliquely expressed disdain for
    traditional cults (Redford 1981) was accompanied
    by unequivocal signs of favor to a form of the
    sun god who was manifest in the solar disk, the
    Aten. Although the disk itself was an accepted
    religious symbol, the king gave it new attributes
    and a cult that the established priesthoods were
    forced to accept."

22
Dynasty 18
  • 4.3 "By the fifth year of Amenhotep IVs reign,
    even the pretense of dispassion toward the old
    gods (Redford 1963) had been replaced by a
    widening alienation from their clergy. The king
    now changed his name to Akhenaten (meaning,
    perhaps, One who is effective on behalf of the
    Aten). At the same time, he established a new
    cult center for his god in Middle Egypt, at a
    site hitherto devoid of cultic associations,
    which he called Akhet-Aten (the Horizon of the
    Sun Disk), today known as El-Amarna."

23
Dynasty 18
  • 4.4 "The identification of his god with the royal
    interest has even led to a charge of atheism but
    the prevailing tendency has been to debate the
    extent to which Akhenaten was or was not a
    monotheist. A strict monotheism can be excluded,
    for the divinity of the Aten in the sky was
    shared on earth by the king and, very probably,
    by his chief queen, Nefertiti. On the other hand,
    one of the salient characteristics of Akhenatens
    heresy is that it sharply restricted the
    traditional embodiments of divinity, even in the
    cult of the sun god."

24
Dynasty 18
  • 4.5 "In the end, Akhenatens reforms could not
    outlive their creator. The religion of the Aten
    found no effective champions at his death, which
    left Egypt wracked by troubles abroad and
    instability within the royal family. The
    accession of Akhenatens son-in-law Tutankhamun
    (ca. 13341325) brought with it the restoration
    of the orthodox cults, and a measure of calm was
    thus restored. Akhenaten and his immediate
    successors were tarred with the same brush,
    however, and all were eventually consigned to the
    official oblivion that Akhenaten initially
    planned for Egypts ancient gods."

25
Dynasty 18
  • 4.6 "The art, our major surviving source for the
    period, reflects many innovations. The king and
    his queen, Nefertiti, are constantly depicted
    together in the temple and tomb reliefs with as
    many of their six daughters as were born at the
    time the relief was carved. This emphasis on the
    royal family as a domestic unit, with daughters
    frequently shown in their parent's laps or
    playing with each other, contrasts strongly with
    the austere privacy maintained by the families of
    previous kings. Another innovation is the almost
    grotesque way in which the king is presented."

26
Dynasty 18
  • 5. "The fifth and last part of the dynasty, the
    reign of Horemheb (1333-1303), represents a
    reaction against the preceding stages." Hallo
    Simpson, 256
  • 5.1 "The renewed military activity and the lack
    of a smooth dynastic succession resulted in the
    rise to power of Horemheb, a military officer who
    assumed the kingship after the death of the
    already old Ay."

27
Dynasty 19
  • "Horemhebs failure to produce an heir, however,
    compelled him to appoint as his successor a
    trusted associate who, as Ramesses I (ca.
    12931291), founded the 19th Dyn."
  • Ramesses II
  • The unresolved quarrel between Egypt and Hatti
    was reopened by Ramesses son Sety I (ca.
    12911279), who won back for Egypt the border
    territories of Kadesh and Amurru. The Hittites
    failure under Sety, however, would be redeemed
    with interest in the early reign of his son,
    Ramesses II (12791212). When Kadesh once more
    defected to the Hittites, Ramesses marched north
    in 1274 and, believing reports that the

28
Dynasty 19
  • Hittite King Muwatalli was still far away,
    pitched camp on the western side of Kadesh.
    Muwatallis army was hiding behind the city,
    however, and in a fierce attack it cut the
    Egyptian column in two, nearly destroying the
    king and his forces. Ramesses IIs gallantry on
    the field and the timely arrival of relief troops
    averted this disaster and after another day of
    inconclusive fighting, Muwatalli allowed the
    Egyptians to leave the field of battle. This
    orderly retreat masked a calamitous defeat for
    Egypt, however, as the Hittites reconquered
    Amurru and swept down into southern Syria, which
    Egypt had held since the middle of the 18th Dyn.
    Although this territory was recovered, the
    ensuing struggle between the two empires soon
    degenerated into an unproductive stalemate.

29
Dynasty 19
  • "During the balance of his long reign, Ramesses
    II would resume the practice of diplomatic
    marriage and wed no fewer than two Hittite
    princesses. The equilibrium of the great powers
    in the Middle East was restored."
  • Merneptah
  • "The thirteen (?) year reign of Merneptah
    followed that of his father Ramses II. (Ramses
    had outlived his first twelve sons among some one
    hundred offspring.) Merneptah's fifth regnal
    year, like his father's, proved to be of
    considerable importance. A Libyan prince led a
    coalition of Libyan tribes (the Libu, Meshwesh,
    and Kehek) and Mediterraneans against the towns
    of the Delta.

30
Dynasty 19
  • They were roundly defeated, and six thousand
    captives were taken. Among the allies of the
    Libyans were the Sherdan, Shekelesh, Lukka,
    Tursha, and Akawasha. These "peoples of the sea"
    represent wandering groups of pirates and
    soldiers who had previously turned up in Egyptian
    or hostile forces."
  • "The dynasty ended in a period not noted for its
    monuments at home or prowess abroad. Merneptah
    was succeeded by Amunmose, Seti II, Siptah, and
    Queen Tawosre, the last perhaps, like Hatshepsut,
    assuming the kingship itself."

31
Dynasty 20
  • "Around the year 1200 BC, Sethnakhte founded Dyn.
    20, the second of the two Ramesside dynasties.
    Like the founder of Dyn. 19 his reign lasted only
    two years, and he was succeeded by an unbroken
    line of kings all assuming the name Ramses
    (Ramses III through Ramses XI), who ruled from
    1198 to 1085 BC."

32
Dynasty 20
  • "Ramses III reigned for thirty-two years, the
    longest reign of the dynasty, and combined
    careers as a builder and as a warrior. . . . In
    Year 5 the Libyan menace again became a reality,
    but Ramses III, like Merneptah before him,
    managed to defeat these hordes intent upon
    settling in the rich farmland of the Delta. A
    Libyan incursion which occurred in Year 11 was
    likewise repelled."

33
Dynasty 20
  • "In Year 8, between these Libyan attacks, one of
    the worst crisis befell the Egyptian state. For
    many decades the roving Mediterranean tribes had
    been seeking a foothold on the coast. Certainly
    their activity, difficult to document in view of
    their mobility, played a part in pushing the
    Libyans toward Egypt. Many of them became
    mercenaries in the great armies of the time, the
    Egyptian and the Hittites. Some settled in Egypt
    and many more in Palestine and Syria. At the same
    time conditions in western Asia produced major
    movements of peoples seeking land. As the texts
    related, a virtual storm broke in Year 8 of
    Ramses III, and the Sherdan, Shekelesh, Denen,
    Peleset, Tjekker, and Weshesh,

34
Dynasty 20
  • with ox-carts and all their baggage, overran the
    Levant. The great Hittite empire collapsed, but
    Ramses checked the enemy army before it reached
    Egypt. . . . Egypt was consequently spared the
    full brunt of the attack by the Sea Peoples. Many
    Sherdan and Kehek settled in Egypt, however, as
    mercenaries and then as farmers. The Peleset, who
    settled in part on the southern strip of the
    Levant, gave the land the name Palestine."

35
Hittites
  • "The Hittites were a people of Indo-European
    origin who penetrated into Asia Minor probably
    before or around 2000 b.c. and in the subsequent
    period became one of the greatest powers of the
    ANE."

36
The Old Kingdom (1800-1450 BCE)
  • "The unification of the several Hittite clans
    under one ruler seems to have been accomplished
    by Anittas. Little else is known about him and
    his immediate successors. A tablet which records
    the law of succession to the throne introduced by
    king Telipinus begins with a historical preamble
    typical of Hittite treaties, which mentions as
    the three outstanding kings of the Old Kingdom,
    Labarnas, Hattusilis I and Mursilis I."

37
The Old Kingdom (1800-1450 BCE)
  • Labarnas
  • "Labarnas is the real founder of the Hittite
    kingdom. His name became for all successors on
    the Hittite throne a title equivalent to king. He
    strengthened the royal authority in opposition to
    the nobility. The right to choose a successor
    which used to be exercised by the council of
    nobles, the panku, passed gradually to the hands
    of the king himself."

38
The Old Kingdom (1800-1450 BCE)
  • Hattusilis I
  • "His son Hattusilis I is the first Hittite, as
    far as we know, who embarks on a program of
    territorial expansion. He tries to annex the
    principate Aleppo south of the Taurus Mountains,
    but without success. Because of intrigues in the
    court he sets aside his oldest son in behalf of
    his younger, Mursilis I, who was the first to
    elevate the land of Hatti to the supremacy in the
    Near East. Mursilis' raid on remote Babylon in
    1531 BC was unrealistic though, and could not
    have permanent results. On the other hand he was
    able to conquer Aleppo, thus avenging his
    father's defeat. His assassination in a palace
    conspiracy marked the beginning of a chaotic
    period in Hittite history. . . ."

39
The Old Kingdom (1800-1450 BCE)
  • Telipinus
  • "The one to rescue the kingdom from anarchy was
    king Telipinus, a usurper himself, who introduced
    a constitutional reform clearly defining the
    right of succession. From his time must also be
    dated the oldest codification of Hittite law.
    Telipinus' territorial ambitions were limited to
    the establishment of a defensible frontier. In
    this period of Hittite weakness must be reckoned
    the eighth campaign of Thutmosis III who repelled
    the Hurrians beyond the Euphrates, and
    established Egyptian sovereignty in Syria for
    about thirty years. There is evidence that the
    Egyptians and Hittites were on friendly terms

40
The Old Kingdom (1800-1450 BCE)
  • during the reign of Thutmosis III probably
    because of the threat posed to both nations by
    the Hurrians."

41
The New Empire (1400-1200 BCE)
  • Suppiluliumas
  • "The most powerful king of the New Empire is
    Suppiluliumas who takes advantage of Egyptian
    debility under Akhenaten to annex all the Syrian
    territory as far south as the river Kelb which
    flows into the Mediterranean slightly north of
    modern Beirut. He subdues all lands of Asia
    Minor, and conquers the kingdom of Mitanni which
    had been established in the Upper-Euphrates by
    the Hurrians. But with prudent self-control he
    marries his daughter to Mattiwaza, son of
    Tushratta, the defeated king of Mitanni, and
    makes of the territory a vassal-state."

42
The New Empire (1400-1200 BCE)
  • Mursilis II
  • "The grandson of Suppiluliumas, Mursilis II, is
    able to preserve for another generation the
    greatness of the empire, though not without
    having to fight with enemies on the four points
    of the compass."
  • Muwatallis
  • "Mursilis' II son, Muwatallis, is the one who met
    Ramesses II of Egypt in the famous battle of
    Kadesh on the Orontes River, in the year 1296 BC.
    . . . The Hittites retained their positions in
    northern Syria, while Egypt is restricted to the
    south of the river Kelb."

43
The New Empire (1400-1200 BCE)
  • Hattusilis III
  • "After the death of Muwatallis, his brother
    Hattusilis III broke the right of succession, and
    usurped the throne from his nephew Urhi-Teshup .
    . . . Hattusilis III brought constant warfare
    with Egypt to an end by entering into a
    peace-treaty with Ramesses II. . . . Hattusilis
    III was the last great king of the Hittites. His
    successors must fight against an increasing
    pressure from the West, until the kingdom was
    overrun by the invasion of the Sea-Peoples at the
    end of the

44
The New Empire (1400-1200 BCE)
  • thirteenth century BC. The Hittites who had a
    monopoly on the use of iron were defeated by
    adversaries from the West who also wielded iron
    weapons."
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