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RELIGION

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Title: RELIGION


1
RELIGION
"religion" from the Middle English "religioun
from the Old French "religion. May have derived
from the Latin word "religo meaning "good
faith," "ritual, or something similar.
2
RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Discriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

3
Religion Defined
  • "Human recognition of superhuman controlling
    power and especially of a personal God entitled
    to obedience" Oxford Dictionary (1990)
  • "a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to
    with ardor and faith. Marriam-Webster Online
  • "Religion is the individual and social experience
    of the sacred that is manifested in mythologies,
    ritual, ethos, and integrated into a collective
    or organization. Don Swenson
  • a system of beliefs and practices that attempts
    to order life in terms of culturally perceived
    ultimate priorities. --Stoddard and Prorak
  • "... a system of social coherence based on a
    common group of beliefs or attitudes concerning
    an object, person, unseen being, or system of
    thought considered to be supernatural, sacred,
    divine or highest truth, and the moral codes,
    practices, values, institutions, traditions, and
    rituals associated with such belief or system of
    thought. -Wikipedia

4
  • Barns Noble (Cambridge) Encyclopedia (1990)
    "...no single definition will suffice to
    encompass the varied sets of traditions,
    practices, and ideas which constitute different
    religions."
  • "Religion is any specific system of belief about
    deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics,
    a philosophy of life, and a worldview."

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Definitions
  • Universalizing religion attempt to be global,
    appeal to all people
  • Ethnic Religion appeals primarily to one group
    of people living in one place
  • Monotheism
  • Polytheism
  • Animist

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large, fundamental division within a religion
division of a branch that unites a number of
local congregations in a single legal and
administrative body.
Sect small group that has broken away from an
established denomination
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Branches
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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Descriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

10
How are religions distributed?
  • Universalizing Religions 64
  • Ethnic religion 24
  • No religion 14

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Where are religions distributed?
3 main universalizing religions Christianity,
Islam, and Buddhism
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CHRISTIANITY
  • More adherents than any other world religion 2
    Billion
  • Three major branches Roman catholic,
    Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox
  • 90 of people in Western Hemisphere are
    Christians

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Islam
  • Islam in Arabic submission to the will of god
  • Muslim in Arabic one who surrenders to god
  • Predominant religion of Middle East, North Africa
    and Central Asia 1.3 billion people
  • Half live in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
    India

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Five pillars of Islam
  1. There is no God worthy of worship except for one
    God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is
    the messenger of God.
  2. Muslims pray five times a day facing the city of
    Makkah (Mecca)
  3. A Muslim gives generously to charity as an act
    of purification an growth
  4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan as an
    act of self-purification
  5. If physically and financially able a Muslim
    makes a pilgrimage to Mecca

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200,000 US Muslims in 1990, 5 million today
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Buddhism
  • Mainly found in China and Southeast Asia 400
    Million
  • Foundations of Buddhism
  • 1. All living things must endure suffering
  • 2. suffering, which is caused by a desire to
    live, leads to reincarnation.
  • 3. The goal of all existence is to escape from
    suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation
    in Nirvana (a state of complete redemption) which
    is achieved through mental and moral purification
  • 4. Nirvana is attained through the eightfold
    path, which includes rightness of belief,
    resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort,
    thought, and meditation

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Ethnic Religions
  • HINDUISM
  • Largest ethnic religion, worlds third largest
    religion, 860 million adherents, 97 concentrated
    in India
  • The individual decides the best way to worship
    God

20
China
  • Confucianism Confucius (Chinese philosopher and
    teacher taught the following of a series of
    ethical principals for the orderly conduct of
    daily life.
  • Daoism (Taoism) emphasizes the mystical and
    magical aspects of life rather than the
    importance of public service emphasized by
    Confucius

21
Shintoism
  • Distinctive of Japan
  • Considers forces of nature to be divine,
    especially the sun, moon, rivers, trees, rocks,
    mountains, and certain animals.

22
Judaism
  • An ethnic religion based on the lands bordering
    the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
  • Lands called Canan in the bible, Palestine by
    the Romans, and the State of Israel since 1948.
  • First recorded religion to espouse monotheism
    (belief on one God)
  • Jews consider themselves chosen people because
    God has chosen them to live according to certain
    ethical and moral principles (i.e. Ten
    Commandments)
  • Christianity and Islam both find some roots in
    Judaism.

23
African Ethnic religions
  • Animism believe that inanimate objects (plants,
    stones, etc.) and natural events (thunderstorms,
    earthquakes, etc.) have discrete spirits and
    conscious life.
  • 100 million Africans (12 of population)
  • Few written records
  • Rapidly declining as a result of the introduction
    of Christianity and Islam

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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Descriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

25
Differences between universalizing and ethnic
religions
  • Location of origin
  • Universalizing religions precise places of
    origin based on events in the life of a man
  • Ethnic religions unclear origins, not tied to
    any one individual
  • Processes of diffusion
  • Universalizing religions from specific hearths
  • Ethnic religions tend to remain clustered in
    one region

26
Differences between universalizing and ethnic
religions
  • Holy places
  • Ethnic religions derive from distinctive
    physical environment of the hearth (mountains,
    rivers, rocks, etc.)
  • Universalizing religions places associated with
    the founders life

27
Holy PlacesCorrespond to important events in the
life of universalizing religions leader
28
Mecca the birthplace of Mohammad
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Sacred Landscapes of Hinduism
  • Pilgrimages follow prescribed routes, and rituals
    are followed by millions.

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Differences between universalizing and ethnic
religions
  • Holy dates
  • Universalizing religion major events relate to
    the life of the founder rather than to the
    seasons
  • Ethnic religions major events are clustered
    based around the specific physical environments

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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Discriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

33
Hearths of Religion and Philosophy
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Origins Christianity
  • Founded upon the teaching of Jesus, born in
    Bethlehem between 8 and 4 B.C. and died on a
    cross in Jerusalem about 30A.D.
  • God conveys his grace through seven sacraments
    (Baptism, conformation, Penance, anointing the
    sick, matrimony, holy orders and the Eucharist
  • Branches
  • Protestants (16th century) Principles of the
    reformation movement- Martin Luthers Thesis
    (1517) Grace is achieved through faith rather
    than sacraments performed by the church
  • Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox fifth
    century, the pope condemns the Patriarch of
    Constantinople
  • Eastern Orthodox reject the sacraments added by
    Roman Catholics since the eighth century

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Origins Islam
  • Muslims trace their story through Abrahams
    second wife Hagar and her son Ishmael (Whereas
    Christians and Jews trace theirs through Abrahams
    first wife, Sarah, and her son Isaac)
  • All three consider Adam to be the first man and
    Abraham to be one of his descendants.
  • Sarah convinced Abraham to banish Hagar and
    Ishmael who wandered the Arabian desert before
    ending up in Mecca.
  • Centuries later Mohammed, one of Ishmaels
    descendants became the Prophet of Islam.
  • Quran the written record of Gods words as
    revealed to Mohammed through the Angel Gabriel

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Origins Islam
  • Two main Branches Shiite and Sunni
  • Reflect disagreement over the line of succession
    in Islamic leadership. (Mohammed had no surviving
    son and no follower capable of leading)
  • The Sunni branch believes that the first four
    caliphs--Mohammed's successors--rightfully took
    his place as the leaders of Muslims. They
    recognize the heirs of the four caliphs as
    legitimate religious leaders.
  • Shiites, in contrast, believe that only the
    heirs of the fourth caliph, Ali, are the
    legitimate successors of Mohammed.

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Origins Buddhism
  • 563 B.C. founder Siddhartha Guatama born in
    Nepal
  • Guatamas four trips 1rst encounters an old
    man, second encounters a diseased man, third
    encounters a corpse, fourth met a monk and
    learned about withdrawing from the world
  • He then lived in the forest for six years
    experimenting with meditation
  • Emerged as Buddha the enlightened one
    preaching his views across India

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Origins Hinduism
  • Existed prior to written records
  • Did not originate with a specific founder
  • Originated with the intermingling of Dravidians
    living in India and Aryan invaders 2500 B.C.

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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Descriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

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DiffusionUniversalizing based on the lives of 3
key people, their word is diffused
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Diffusion of Christianity
  • Forms of diffusion relocation and expansion
    (hierarchical and contagious)
  • Missionaries carried Jesus' word along protected
    Roman trade routes.
  • Dominance was assured by the order of the empire
    and later through colonialism

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Diffusion of Islam
  • After Mohammads death Muslim armies spread the
    word through conquest

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Diffusion of Buddhism
  • Splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago. Gradual
    diffusion through Magadhan empire and Buddhist
    merchants

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Diffusion of ethnic religions
  • Generally ethnic religions have little or no
    diffusion because they are locally oriented and
    lack missionaries
  • Thus diffusion of universalizing religions
    usually comes at the expense of ethnic religions.
  • Ethnic religions diffuse when their adherents are
    forced to migrate for economic or cultural
    reasons (and they are not forced to adopt the
    locally dominant religion)

55
Diffusion of Judaism
  • Originated in Southwest Asia about 4000 years
    ago.
  • first major monotheistic religion covenant
    between
  • God (one God) and Abraham (the chosen people)
  • sacred text Torah
  • founder Abraham
  • sacred sites Jerusalem (Western Wall), land
    between
  • the Mediterranean and the Jordan River
  • social manifestation Zionism
  • diffusion into European cities during the
    diaspora,
  • into N. America during WWII, into Israel
    overlast 50 years

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Western Wall, Jerusalem
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  • Jewish Diaspora (A.D.) Romans forced Jews to
    disperse from Eastern Mediterranean home
    throughout the world, after an attempted Jewish
    rebellion

(A.D.)
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Map of Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe, 1880-1928
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Diffusion of Hinduism
  • Originated in Indus River Valley over 4000 years
    ago.
  • Diffusion through South Asia and into Southeast
    Asia
  • ritual bathing, karma, reincarnation
  • sacred text Vedas
  • sacred sites Ganges River
  • social manifestation caste system

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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Descriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

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Why are religions organized in distinctive
patterns?
  • Sacred Structures act as anchors for religions
  • Christianity churches (a sanctified place of
    worship) dominate the landscape, centrally
    located, often the largest and most visible
    building in town
  • Islam Mosques- not sanctified places, rather a
    place of community assembly.

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Religious Administration
  • Universalizing religions are usually
    administratively connected while ethnic religions
    are not
  • Hierarchal religion well defined structure and
    administrative units

Roman Catholic Church
Rome
Heads a geographic province
Heads a Diocese smaller geographical unit
Heads a Parish (One church)
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Religious administration
  • Islam locally autonomous, no religious
    hierarchy or religious territories.
  • Communication through migration and pilgrimages
  • Islamic doctrine has explicit demands which
    fosters identity among members
  • Judaism and Hinduism also have no centralized
    structure of religious control

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RELIGION
  • Definitions
  • Where/How are religions distributed?
  • Ethic and Universal
  • Descriptions
  • Other differences between universal and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious origins
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Why do religions have different distributions?
  • Why are religions organized in distinctive
    patterns?
  • Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Examples

69
Why do conflicts arise between religious groups?
  • Territory!
  • Governmental policies
  • Fundamentalism literal interpretation and a
    strict adherence to basic principles of a
    religion (important way that groups maintain
    their cultural identity)
  • Religious extremism fundamentalism carried to
    the point of violence. (found in Christianity,
    Judaism, and Islam)

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Religion versus Government
  • Taliban versus Western Values
  • Hinduism and the Caste system
  • Communism versus religion

71
Religion Versus Relgion
  • Conflicts are most likely to occur along the
    boundary of two religions
  • Northern Ireland
  • Middle East

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Religious conflict in the Middle East
  • Fight between Jews, Muslims, and Christians over
    small piece of land on the Eastern Mediterranean
  • Jews claim the territory as their promised land
  • Christians major events in Jesus life were
    concentrated there
  • Muslims Where Mohammad ascended to heaven

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Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
  • Judaism (Western Wall)
  • Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)
  • Islam (Dome of the Rock)

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Jerusalem
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Crusades
  • 7th century A.D. Muslims (now called Arabs
    because of their home on the Arabian peninsula)
    captured the middle east and converted people to
    Islam

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Crusades
  • Christian Crusades a series of military
    campaigns over 150 years to recapture the Holy
    Land (won Jerusalem in 1099, lost it in 1187,
    regained it in 1229, lost it in 1244)

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Palestine, Israel, other, ???
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Jews versus Muslims
  • Israel and Palestine
  • Controlled by Muslim Ottoman Empire between 1516
    and 1917
  • Great Britain takes over control after WWI
  • After escalating violence Great Britain wants to
    withdraw (post WWI)
  • UN votes to partition Palestine into two states
    One Muslim one Jewish
  • Jerusalem international city open to all run by
    UN
  • Jews and Muslims go to war after great Britain
    withdraws

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  • 1949 Armistice divided control of Jerusalem
  • Muslim country Jordan took Eastern half, Jews
    took the West
  • Continuing wars in 1956, 1967 and 1973 all won by
    Israel
  • 1967 Six-Day war Israel captured territory from
    Jordan Syria and Egypt
  • These territories remain under dispute today!
    (except the Sinai peninsula)

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PALESTINIANS
  • Who are Palestinians?
  • Residents of West Bank, Jerusalem, and Gaza
    Strip captured by Israel during 1967 war
  • Muslim citizens of Israel
  • People who fled after the 1948-49 war or the
    1967 war
  • Post 1973 war Palestinians were recognized as
    rulers of Gaza Strip and West bank by Jordan and
    Egypt thus become the principle combatant with
    Jews
  • Palestinian fight organized under Yassir Arafat
    and the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLO) and

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Jewish Geography
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Current Events

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The Horn of Africa
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Northern Ireland
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Islamic Extremists and Jihadan Islamic holy war
against the West
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