Symbiose

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Symbiose
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• Organic matter is manufactured by plants, algae
  and many bacteria through the assimilation of
  inorganic carbon and nitrogen from the
  environment into organic molecules through
  photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation.

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Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll concentrations Oceans and Land
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Reef Coral Symbiosis

• The reef coral "host" is a polyp (an invertebrate
  animal). The reef coral "symbionts" are
  photosynthetic algae that reside within the cells
  of their animal host.

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Reef Coral Symbiosis

• Zooxanthella symbiontic algae

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Korstmossen Lichenen

• Mutualistische symbiose van hogere schimmel en
  groene alg of cyanobacterie (blauwalg)
• Zeer algemeen, maar vooral in extreme milieus
  (kale rotsen, woestijnen, poolvlakten)

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Korstmossen Lichenen
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Chlorophyll concentrations Oceans and Land
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• Complexiteit ecosysteem
• Fotosynthese niet voldoende

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Noodzakelijke nutriënten voor planten

• Macro-elementen
• C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg
• voor celbestanddelen en stofwisselingsintermediair
  en
• Micro-elementen
• Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, Cl, Mo, Co
• Als co-factor in enzymen

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Aard van de organische stof in de bodem

• 15 levend - 50 wortels
• - 10 meso- en macrofauna
• - 35 microörganismen
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• 85 dood - afgestorven planten, dieren en
  microörganismen
• - door organismen geproduceerde
  exudaten en slijm
• - inspoeling uit plantmateriaal en
  strooisel
• - humus
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Een heterotroof organisme bouwt zijn organische
celmateriaal op uit organische stoffen die
gemaakt zijn door andere organismen. Het
dissimileert moleculen die door autotrofe
organismen geassimileerd zijn
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Chemo-heterotroof

• Energiebron organische verbindingen
• Koolstofbron organische verbindingen
• Assimilatie biochemisch proces waarbij
  organische stof wordt opgebouwd uit eenvoudigere
  organische componenten of anorganische stoffen
  zoals O2, CO2 en water (e.g. foto- en
  chemosynthese).
• Aërobe dissimilatie afbraakproces waarbij
  suikers worden verbrand tot CO2 en water en
  energie.
• - Vele bacterie- en alle schimmelgeslachten

Glycolyse
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Glycolyse

• Sucrose --gt
• ATP
• Reducerend vermogen
• Precursors

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Structuur van lignine
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• Dissimilatie van lignine

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Stikstofcyclus
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Effecten stikstof tekort
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Kunstmest en de groene revolutie
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Stikstoffixatie door vrijlevende bodembacteriën

• o.a. Clostridium, Klebsiella
• C-bron afgestorven plantenresten
• N-productie
• 0,1 10 kg N/ha/jaar

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Bacteriële stikstoffixatie in associaties

• o.a. Azospirillum., Azotobacter
• C-bron wortelexudaten
• N-productie
• 10 300 kg N/ha/jaar

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Bacteriële stikstoffixatie in wortelknollen

• Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, etc.
• Frankia
• C-bron bij fotosynthese geproduceerde
  koolhydraten, o.a. sucrose
• N-productie
• 60 600 kg N/ha/jaar

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Stikstof-bindende bacteriën
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Wortelknolletjes
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Stikstoffixatie door Rhizobium
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Nitrogenase activiteit
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Rhizobium nitrogen fixation genes
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Stikstof assimilatie
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Vorming wortelknol
                                               
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                           Figure 1.
Morphological responses in Medicago root hairs
upon inoculation with S. meliloti expressing a
green fluorescent protein gene (GFP). (a) Typical
root hair deformation showing reinitiated tip
growth with an altered growth direction. Cell
walls are counter-stained with propidium iodine
(red). One fluorescent bacterium is visible at
the point of redirected tip growth. (b) A root
hair with multiple attached fluorescent bacteria
that has undergone several changes in growth
direction. No bacterium has gained the dominance
necessary to determine the position of the curl.
(c) A curled root hair containing two infection
threads.
Figure 1. Morphological responses in Medicago
root hairs upon inoculation with S. meliloti
expressing a green fluorescent protein gene
(GFP). (a) Typical root hair deformation showing
reinitiated tip growth with an altered growth
direction. Cell walls are counter-stained with
propidium iodine (red). One fluorescent bacterium
is visible at the point of redirected tip growth.
(b) A root hair with multiple attached
fluorescent bacteria that has undergone several
changes in growth direction. No bacterium has
gained the dominance necessary to determine the
position of the curl. (c) A curled root hair
containing two infection threads.
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Figure 1. Schematic Drawing of Early Steps in
Root Nodule Formation in Medicago truncatula
Induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti. (A) Nodule
primoridum formation. The bacteria induce root
hair curling and infection thread formation in
epidermal cells (blue). Concomitantly, the inner
cell layers are activated. Pericycle cells
opposite a proto-xyleme pole express the ENOD40
gene and eventually will undergo a limited number
of cell divisions (yellow). Cells in the cortex
will loose their cell identity and enter the cell
cycle. This results in the formation of a nodule
primordium in the inner cortex (dark green). In
these cells, ENOD12 and ENOD40 are expressed.
Outer cortical cells also enter the cell cycle,
but are arrested (orange) and will form
preinfection threads. (B) Root nodule
differentiation. Cells of the nodule primordium
obtain their final identity after rhizobial
infection. At the base of the primordium, a
radial pattern of a central tissue (pink)
surrounded by peripheral tissues (red) is
established. Concomitantly, cells at the apex of
the primordium form a meristem (light green).
These cells differ in their identity compared
with primordium cells, in that they do not
express ENOD12. The central tissue contains the
cells that host the rhizobia.
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Waardplant specificiteit
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Figure 2. The Major Nod Factor Produced by
Sinorhizobium meliloti. The major Nod factor
produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti contains four
glucosamine units, an acyl chain of 16 C-atoms in
length with two unsaturated bonds (determined by
NodE and NodF), an acetyl group at the
non-reducing terminal sugar residue (determined
by NodL), and a sulfate group at the reducing
terminal sugar residue (determined by NodH, NodP
and NodQ) (Lerouge et al., 1990).
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Four sequential images (10 seconds apart) showing
a Nod factor-induced calcium spike (shown in
pseudocolor) around the nuclear region of a
wild-type Lotus japonicus root hair cell. The
images were obtained using microinjected Oregon
green dye, which increases its fluorescence in
response to calcium. For the article by Miwa et
al.,
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Stikstoffixatie door Rhizobium