Herbicide resistant weeds in the Mediterranean dry land farming

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Herbicide resistant weeds in the Mediterranean
dry land farming

• I Greenspoon, O. Hochberg, G Ben-Ami, M Manor, M
  Yetiv, M Sibony, A Tal, and B Rubin
• R H Smith Inst. of Plant Science and Genetics in
  Agriculture
• Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment,
  Rehovot
• The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

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Thank you!!!
Acknowledgments Dr. Moshe Sibony Dr. Avi Tal Dr.
Talia Nadler-Hassar Dr. Tuvia Yaacoby Tzipi
Whitefish Ofer Hochberg Gadi Ben Ami Inbar
Greenspoon Merav Yetiv To all of them,
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The Mediterranean region

• Characterized by a long and dry summer, short
  rainy season (winter), with 150-500 mm annual
  precipitations, and frequent drought years
• The region includes the fertile crescent where
  many major crops were domesticated
• Cereal crops and pulses are important component
  of the dryland farms
• Due to the short cropping season and adoption of
  high yield cereal crops, weed competition is
  crucial

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The Region (cont.)

• Common use of wheat-wheat-fallow rotation,
  particularly when annual rainfall is below 300 mm
• Minimum- or zero-tillage becoming more popular
• Chemical control is increasingly employed with
  frequent application of the same MOA and reduced
  tillage
• Farmers tend to reduce the use rates,
  particularly in mixtures
• This high selection pressure on the weed
  populations results in the evolution of a large
  number of herbicide-resistant weeds

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Herbicide registered for weed control in cereals
in Israel

• For BL weeds
• ALS inhibitors tribenuron triasulfuron
  iodosulforon chlorsulfuron sulfosulfuron
  iodosulfuronmesosulfuron propoxycarbazone
  florasulamflumetsulam
• Others Bromoxynil 2,4-D MCPA MCPP
  fluroxypyr clopyralid cinidon carfentrazone
  pyraflufen metribuzin diflufenican
• For grass weeds
• ACCase inhibitors Clodinafop diclofop
  fenoxaprop pinoxaden
• For fallow and land preparation
• Glyphosate various PPO inhibitors
  paraquatDiquat

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• PART ONE

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ALS resistance

• First detected early 1990 Amaranthus blitoides
  (MR) and A. retroflexus in roadside and forests
• Variable cross resistance to different classes of
  ALS inhibitors more complicated multiple
  resistance
• The number of broadleaf weeds evolving resistance
  is increasing due to the lack of herbicide
  rotation
• Species from the Amaranthaceae (9), Compositae
  (Asteraceae) (16) and Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
  (9) are more vulnerable to evolve resistance to
  ALS (why???)
• Resistant grass species (11) like Avena,
  Alopecurus, Lolium, Apera and Setaria are special
  threat, particularly severe with Atlantis.

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Ganot, 1987 Simazine amitrole
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Ganot,1991 following 3 years of simazine
sulfometuron ALS-resistant A. retroflexus
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Ganot,1991 following 3 years of
simazinesulfometuron Triazine and ALS-
multiple-resistant A. blitoides
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Possible point mutations in the conserved area of
the ALS gene
Amaranthus spp.
Region II
Region I
100
0
200
400
300
500
600
700 aa
TP
D
A
C
E
B
'5
'3
Ala122
Pro197
Ser653
Trp574
Ala205
Pro197 to Leu A. retroflexus Pro197 to Ser A.
blitoides
Trp574 to Leu A. blitoides
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A. blitoides Multiple resistant Competition
SU and T Resistant
SU and T Sensitive
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Chrysanthemum coronarium Beeri, 2003
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R biotype Tribenuron (X12 g ai/ha)
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Chrysanthemum coronarium Beeri, Israel - 2007
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Chrysanthemum coronariurm Seed collection,
Beeri, Israel - 2007
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C. coronarium
Response of ALS-resistant and -susceptible C.
coronarium plants to tribenuron methyl applied at
a 2 to 4 leaf stage (Left) and response of crude
ALS enzyme extract to sulfometuron-methyl (right).
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Detected point mutations in the conserved area of
the ALS gene in Chrysanthemum coronarium
Region II
Region I
100
0
200
400
300
500
600
700 aa
TP
D
A
C
E
B
'5
'3
Pro197
Pro197 to Thr - Gilat Population Pro197 to Ser -
Beeri Reim Populations Pro197 to Arg or Ser in
Magen
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Diplotaxis erucoides
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Diplotaxis erucoides
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Sheperd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
Ala122--gt Gln
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Cotton No tillage after harvest
Trifloxysulfuron (15 g/ha) on May 21 July 14.06
Yield loss of 3.1 t/ha
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In the R population a proline 197 to leucine
substitution was detected
Amaranthus palmeri
Effect of trifloxysulfuron on growth and survival
of Palmer amaranth
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Effect of pretreatment with malathion on the
response of S and R Palmer amaranth populations
to trifloxysulfuron
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• PART TWO

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ACCase inhibiting herbicides (Fops Dims)

• In use in cereals and pulses since the early
  1970s without much alternatives
• Diclofop, fenoxaprop, clodinafop and tralkoxydim
  are intensively used for selective grass control
  in wheat and barley
• In broad leaf crops fluazifop, quizalofop,
  sethoxydim, cycloxydim and clethodim are widely
  used for annual and perennial grass weed control
• Due to lack of alternatives, the massive use of
  these major grass killers in agriculture resulted
  in evolution of resistant weeds
• Cross resistance occurs in a species-specific
  pattern, highly dependent on site of the mutation
  

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Herbicide registered for weed control in cereals
in Israel

• For BL weeds
• ALS inhibitors tribenuron triasulfuron
  iodosulforon chlorsulfuron sulfosulfuron
  iodosulfuronmesosulfuron propoxycarbazone
  florasulamflumetsulam
• Others Bromoxynil 2,4-D MCPA MCPP
  fluroxypyr clopyralid cinidon carfentrazone
  pyraflufen metribuzin diflufenican
• For grass weeds
• ACCase inhibitors Clodinafop diclofop
  fenoxaprop pinoxaden
• For fallow and land preparation
• Glyphosate various PPO inhibitors
  paraquatDiquat

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Cross resistance pattern depends on the type of
mutation
Laber et al., 2009
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ACCase-resistant weeds (altered target site)
Found in Israel, Turkey, Italy, France, Spain,
Greece, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and Iran

• Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) - wheat
• Hood canarygrass) P. paradoxa) wheat
• Rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) wheat,
  potatoes, alfalfa, garlic
• Sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis) wheat
• Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) cotton

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Phalaris paradoxa (R) in Wheat Field Revadim
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Dose response curve of Phalaris paradoxa to
Cycloxydim (Focus) Asp 2078?Gln
Givat Brener (S)
C
X/64
X/32
X/64
X/8
X/4
X/2
X
2X
Revadim (R)
C
X/4
X/2
X
2X
4X
8X
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Response of Phalaris paradoxa populations to fops
and dims
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2007 Magen, L. rigidum
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2007 Magen, L. rigidum



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Dose response curve of L. rigidum to Clodinafop
(Topik)
??? ???? ??????
Hadasim (S)
C
X/64
X/32
X/64
X/8
X/4
X/2
X
Gilat (R)
C
X/2
X
2X
4X
8X
16X
32X
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Response of Lolium rigidum populations to fops
and dims
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Or-Haner following commercial application of
Clodinafop (60 g ha-1)
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Or-Haner following commercial application of
Clodinafop (60 g ha-1)
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NACHSHON April 2009
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Or Haner - Clodinfop
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Or Haner - Clethodim
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G. Brener (S) - Clodinafop
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G. Brener (S)- Clethodim
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Response of wild oat (Avena sterilis) to several
ACCase inhibitors (ED50 values)
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ACCase resistance

• More dangerous than ALS resistance
• Almost no alternative in the south
• The same MOA is widely used in BL crops
• The same weeds infest BL crops
• Trifluralin and alike are disappearing

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Glyphosate resistance

• Will be discussed in the second presentation

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What a farmer can do?

• Use alternative control methods which?
• Use more substantial cultivation 1 in 3/4/5
  years?
• Crop and herbicide rotation - Only when
  alternative crops and herbicides are available
• Mixtures of MOA useful only when controlling
  the same range of weeds
• Alternating years on/off, for how long? Depends
  on weed seed bank properties

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Conclusions

• Current herbicide use in arable crops in the
  Mediterranean region makes resistance inevitable
  unless rational weed management is employed
• Change of current regulations? back to soil
  tillage or reduced tillage? (1 out of 3-4
  years?) mixtures of MOA? more crop and herbicide
  rotation?
• Since no new herbicides (with a novel MOA) are
  going to be introduced in the foreseeable
  future, we must rely on proper use of the
  existing herbicides
• If resistant weeds continue to evolve at the
  current pace, the benefit of chemical weed
  control may be in real troubles