Economic Growth and Westward Expansion

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Economic Growth and Westward Expansion

• Unit 4

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SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of
economic growth, its regional and national impact
in the first half of the 19th century, and the
different responses to it. a. Explain the impact
of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli
Whitneys invention of the cotton gin and his
development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
b. Describe the westward growth of the United
States include the emerging concept of Manifest
Destiny. c. Describe reform movements,
specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public
school. d. Explain womens efforts to gain
suffrage include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the
Seneca Falls Conference. e. Explain Jacksonian
Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of
popular political culture, and the development of
American nationalism. SSUSH8 The student will
explain the relationship between growing
north-south divisions and westward expansion. a.
Explain how slavery became a significant issue in
American politics include the slave rebellion of
Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William
Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the
Grimke sisters). b. Explain the Missouri
Compromise and the issue of slavery in western
states and territories. c. Describe the
Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states
rights ideology include the role of John C.
Calhoun and development of sectionalism. d.
Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot
Proviso. e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850
arose out of territorial expansion and population
growth.
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What, When, How

• Industrial Revolution transition from manual to
  power driven factory labor due to advances in
  technology
• Skilled workers were replaced by unskilled or
  semiskilled labor
• Before the revolution economies relied on
  artisans, merchants, and farmers and products
  were crafted by hand and more slowly
• Brought great change to economies and society
• Began in England in the 1700s and eventually
  spread to the U.S.

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Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which
  allowed people to process cotton much faster.
• In the South, cotton farms expand rapidly,
  gaining the name cotton kingdom. Also led to a
  greater dependency on slave labor.
• Whitney also spread the idea of interchangeable
  parts while building muskets.
• Each part of the musket was made so that it could
  be used on any musket. This led many industries
  to do the same (sewing machines, typewriters)

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Effects of Industrial Revolution

• Factories relied on mechanization (the use of
  machinery).
• Manual labor is replaced, allowing for mass
  production of resources and goods.
• Many new inventions also developed out of this
  time period.
• Samuel Slater Machine manufacturing/opened
  first American textile mill
• Robert Fulton Steam Powered Boat
• Samuel Morse Telegraph
• John Deere Steel Plow (took less power to
  pull)
• Cyrus McCormick Reaper (allowed 1 farmer to do
  the work of 5)

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Effects Cont.

• Sectionalism refers to the economic, social,
  cultural, and political differences that exist
  between different parts of the country.
• In the North, businesses rely on factories and
  cheap immigrant labor (Irish Immigrants)
• In the South, they rely on the plantation system
  and slavery
• These economic differences caused strains on the
  nation that led to bitter disputes
• The Industrial Revolution helped set the nation
  on a course of westward expansion and civil war.

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Inventions and Inventors
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Industry in the U.S.

• Industrialization first began in New England
  where coal and iron were plentiful
• Factories appeared along New Englands waterways

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Industrial Revolution

• Steam Power - factories began using steam engines
• Steam locomotives and steamships moved people and
  products across great distances at faster speeds
• Increased efficiency and extent of trade within
  and between countries

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• Farmers put all their efforts into growing cotton
  due to its value (1840 Cotton made up 52 of U.S.
  exports)
• Poor non-slave holding farmers went west to
  cultivate cotton and aspire to own plantations
• Increase in cotton production paralleled increase
  in slave population

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Westward Growth and Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny is the concept that Americas
  westward expansion was providential, or from a
  divine inspiration.
• The obvious fate of the U.S. was to expand from
  sea to shining sea
• Manifest destiny, the belief that European
  settlers had the right to own whatever land they
  claimed, would erode Native American cultures.

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Annexation of Texas

• In 1821 Mexico gained independence and control of
  Texas.
• The problem was that US settlers had moved into
  Texas.
• In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and
  tightened Mexicos grip on Texas.
• Texans, under the leadership of Sam Houston,
  rebelled against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836
  declared independence from Mexico.
• Santa Anna answered with military force.

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The Alamo

• On March 6, 1836, a small group of Texans took a
  stand against Santa Anna at an old
  mission(church) called The Alamo.
• Despite the Texans resistance, Santa Annas
  forces were too strong.
• Every Texan was killed during the resistance, or
  executed after.
• Davey Crockett of Tennessee was one.

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Result of Texas Annexation

• After a series of battles, Texans eventually
  defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage.
• The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas
  independence in return for his freedom.
• President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit (annex)
  Texas, but faced Northern opposition.
• Northerners feared Texas would be admitted as a
  slave state. They also feared that its large
  size would be divided into several small slave
  states giving slave states an advantage in
  Congress.
• Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it
  was admitted by James K. Polk as a slave state.

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Oregon Territory

• With Texas settled, Polk turned his attention to
  Oregon.
• In 1827 U.S. and Great Britain reaffirmed their
  agreement to occupy this territory jointly.
• With many U.S. settlers moving into Oregon, Polk
  claimed the U.S. had rights up to the 5440 N.
• This led many to promote the slogan
• 54-40, or fight!.

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The Oregon Trail
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Result of Oregon Territory

• Britain gave up the territory to remain on
  friendly terms with the U.S. for the purposes of
  trade.
• A treaty was signed drawing the official boundary
  at the 49th parallel.
• In 1846 Oregon became a US territory.

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War with Mexico

• Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.
• President Polk still believed in Manifest
  Destiny, so he sends General Zachary Taylor to
  the Texas border.
• Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle
  disputes over the border between Mexico and US,
  and the purchase of California and New Mexico.
• The Mexican president refused to meet with
  Slidell, so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed
  territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande
  rivers.
• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and
  attacked Taylors forces, Polk immediately asked
  congress to declare war on Mexico.

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War with Mexico and the Gadsden Purchase

• War was a series of U.S. victories
• On February 2, 1848 war officially ended with the
  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
• Required Mexico to surrender the New Mexico and
  California territories to the U.S. in exchange
  for financial compensation.
• In 1853 boundary disputes still remained so
  President Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden to
  purchase the land for the Southern
  Transcontinental Railroad.
• The United States gained parts of present-day New
  Mexico and Arizona in exchange for 10 million.
• This completed the vision many had for westward
  expansion and Manifest Destiny.

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California

• In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.
• The following year, gold seekers came from all
  over the world as part of the Gold Rush of 1849,
  and came to be known as 49ers
• Population growth led to a need for a stable
  government in California.
• When congress didnt make a decision on how to
  admit the state (free or slave), California
  adopted its own constitution.
• Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress
  admitted California as a free state on September
  9, 1850.

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Indian Removal Act

• In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.
• With it the federal government established the
  Indian Territory (Oklahoma), planned for the
  removal of Native Americans living east of the
  Mississippi, and set aside funds for housing,
  supplies, and farming tools.
• President Andrew Jackson forced the relocation of
  some 45,000 Native Americans

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Trail of Tears

• Jackson refused to help Cherokee in Georgia and
  Carolina despite their help in the War of 1812
• Their march west to Oklahoma became known as the
  Trail of Tears because many suffered and died
  along the way.
• This relocation opened up lands in Georgia and
  Alabama for white settlers.

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Homestead Act

• In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the
  Homestead Act.
• It opened about 270 million acres west of the
  Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by
  offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to
  farm it for five years, or purchase it for 1.25
  per acre after six months.
• In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the
  entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in
  effect in Alaska until 1986.

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Reform Movements in the United States

• Temperance, Abolition, and Education

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Temperance Movement

• People in the United States began to look to the
  government for guidance.
• One area they looked to was temperance, or the
  belief that people should limit or eliminate the
  use of alcoholic beverages.
• This idea was especially popular with women.
  They felt that excessive use of alcohol was
  partly the blame for family violence, crime, and
  poverty.
• Many states pass laws that ban alcohol
  (Prohibition), 1919 Congress passed the Volstead
  Act and ratified the 18th Amendment (which was
  later overturned by the 21st Amendment).

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Abolition Movement

• Slavery had been an issue since the creation of
  the United States, especially between the
  Northern and Southern states
• George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had
  debated abolition (the end of slavery) during
  Washingtons presidency. Lafayette questioned
  how a man of Washingtons integrity could own
  slaves.
• The Second Great Awakening occurred in the 1820s
  and helped spark an abolitionist movement.

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Abolition Cont.

• In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the
  Liberator, a pro-abolition newspaper.
• More abolition papers would be sent out
  throughout the North.
• The American Anti-Slavery Society denounced
  slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the
  movement to abolish slavery.
• Speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Wendell
  Philips, and Lucy Stone helped further the case
  of the North.
• Abolitionists also helped those enslaved escape
  to the North.
• Slavery would be abolished after the Civil War w/
  the 13th Amendment.

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Public Schools

• Horace Mann was a 19th century reformer who
  believed in temperance, abolition, womens
  rights, and the reform of mental institutions.
• Mann created public schools that were state
  funded and mandatory.
• He felt that too much local control of the
  schools meant unsatisfactory education,
  especially in rural areas.
• Horace Mann also helped establish the first
  state-run teacher training program.

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Womens Rights Movements
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Womens Rights/Seneca Falls Convention

• Until 1920, most women in the United States did
  not have suffrage (the right to vote).
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
  organized a large assembly in Seneca Falls, New
  York, in 1848.
• Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when
  Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting
  in London.
• Over 200 people attended the convention,
  including Frederick Douglass.
• They voted on and approved the Declaration of
  Sentiments, calling for equal rights in
  education, property rights, and voting.
• Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both
  Temperance and Womens Suffrage.

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Declaration of Sentiments, 1848

• He has never permitted her to exercise her
  inalienable right to the elective franchise.
• He has withheld her from her rights which are
  given to the most ignorant and degraded men
  both natives and foreigners.
• He has made her, if married, in the eye of the
  law, civilly dead.
• He has taken from her all right to property, even
  to the wages she earns

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Expanding Suffrage, Popular Political Culture,
  American Nationalism

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Andrew Jackson

• Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated family.
  He worked his way up achieving success.
• Jackson was also a hero during the War of 1812 at
  the Battle of New Orleans.
• During his political career Jackson was seen as a
  supporter for the common man.
• Jackson was also very popular with western
  frontier settlers (due to his belief in Manifest
  Destiny).
• Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for
  President in 1824.

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A Corrupt Bargain

• The election of 1824 proved the sectional
  differences in the United States.
• The presidential election was divided up among
  candidates from the North (John Q. Adams), the
  South (William Crawford of Georgia), and the West
  (Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay).
• The final election came down between John Q.
  Adams and Andrew Jackson.
• The vote went to the House of Representatives
  where Henry Clay used his vote to elect Adams.

• Jackson and his followers soon protested when it
  was learned that Clay would be named Secretary of
  State.
• Jackson denounced it calling it a corrupt
  bargain made to give Adams the presidency.
• Four years later, Jackson would defeat Adams to
  become the 7th President, and would change the
  structure of politics in the United States.

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Members of Corrupt Bargain
versus
Andrew Jackson
John Q. Adams
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Jacksons Presidency

• Jacksons politics lead to a new brand of
  politics called Jacksonian Democracy.
• He believed strongly in western expansion and the
  rights of white frontier settlers.
• Jackson resented politicians who favored the
  upper class and passed laws to help the wealthy
  over small land owners.
• Jackson favored Universal Suffrage that all
  white men should be free to vote, not just those
  who owned land.

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Jackson Presidency Cont.

• With Jacksons support many states dropped the
  property requirement for voting.
• Expanding suffrage allows common men like
  Jackson to win public office.
• However, Jackson did not attempt to extend the
  right to vote to women, blacks, or Native
  Americans.
• Jackson expanded the power of the President while
  in office.
• Defied the Supreme Court by removing Cherokee
  from their lands in Georgia (Worcester v.
  Georgia Cherokee Native Amer. were entitled to
  federal protection from actions of state govt.)

• When South Carolina threatened to secede (leave
  the union) over high tariffs and states rights,
  Jackson passed the Force Bill (allowed Jackson to
  use the military to enforce laws)
• Jackson felt the president should have more power
  and say than congress.
• But also felt the federal government should be
  restricted to those powers only given by the
  Constitution.
• As a result, Jackson used his power to close the
  second national bank (which unfortunately led to
  a depression)

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Spoils System

• Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of
  rewarding his political supporters with
  government positions - known as the spoils
  system.
• Jackson felt that this was a great way to
  encourage common people to become politically
  involved and ensure the wealthy did not dominate
  government (but it ultimately led to corruption
  and a call for reform later).

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The Two-Party System

• Differences between politicians would eventually
  lead to the development of different political
  parties.
• Jacksons group took the name Democrat, while his
  opponents took on the name National
  Republicans.
• Many National Republicans formed the Whig Party
  (Opposed King George during the Revolution
  accused Jackson of acting like King Andrew).
• After the era of good feelings, the two-party
  system returned with a vengeance.

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King Andrew
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Effect of Two-Party System

• With the end of Jacksons term and the election
  of 1836, modern politics began to take form.
• Martin Van Burens presidential campaign gave
  birth to the common expression O.K., which
  stood for Old Kinderhook (his nickname).
• Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the
  Democrat (or uneducated) way of approving
  government documents with the initials o.k.,
  meaning oll korrect (Jacksons way of spelling
  all correct).
• Start of candidate bashing and slander in
  political campaigns.

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Creating a National Identity

• After the War of 1812, America has a new sense of
  National Identity.
• Stood up to the British twice, becoming a major
  economic power.
• Monroe Doctrine announced U.S. views on foreign
  policy in the West.
• Many countries will turn to the U.S. as a world
  power for input on decisions.

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Rise of Nationalism

• Belief that Americans were unique and did not
  have to follow the lead of other countries
• 1806 Noah Webster published a dictionary
• - Helped create an American version of the
  English language
• 1816 Republican James Monroe became president
  (Monroe Doctrine)
• - Began Era of good Feelings period of
  national pride and political unity
• Federalist Party dissolves

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Changes in Education

• Many believed education was necessary for
  democracy
• Horace Mann established a state board of
  education in Massachusetts
• 1850 Many northern states had elementary
  schools paid for by public taxes

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Slavery and the rise of Abolitionism

• Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
  Douglass, and Grimke Sisters

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Abolitionists Speak Out

• Americans began feeling that slavery was wrong
  and went against Christianity and the principles
  upon which the nation was founded
• Abolitionists Group of reformers who wanted to
  abolish slavery, included African Americans,
  whites, men, and women
• Proslavery arguments was a necessary part of
  life in the South, slaves were treated well and
  lived better lives than factory workers in the
  North, and whites could provide better lives for
  slaves than free blacks could for themselves

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Abolitionists Speak Out

• Frederick Douglass Former slave who escaped
  from Maryland and educated himself
• - Lectured about his experience as a slave
• - started newspaper North Star

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Grimke Sisters

• From a prominent slave holding family who
  lectured about the evils of slavery they had seen
  growing up on a plantation
• Public careers began when Garrison published a
  letter from Angelina in his paper

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Nat Turners Rebellion

• 1831 -Nat Turner a slave, as well as a preacher,
  organized a revolt in Virginia
• Believed he had a divine mission to deliver his
  people from slavery
• 160 people were killed (both black and white)
• Results
• the few abolitionist societies that existed in
  the South came to an end
• Slave codes (laws restricting activities of
  slaves) were made tighter and strictly enforced
• Turner and 19 others were hanged for their role
• Slaves no longer allowed to become ministers

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

• When territorys population reaches 60,000 may
  apply for statehood
• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
• - Would tilt the balance of power in Congress
• - Slave and free states each had 11
• Speaker of the House Henry Clay suggested a
  compromise
• - Missouri admitted as slave state
• - Maine admitted as a free state
• - Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory
  north of the parallel 3630 N
• (Missouris southern border)

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Missouri Compromise of 1820
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States Rights

• Debate whether central government could
  legislate against the political will of citizens
  of individual states
• 1828, Congress passed a high tariff on European
  goods
• Southern states viewed it as a threat to their
  economy because they sent much of their cotton to
  Europe
• VP John C. Calhoun argued southern states had a
  right to nullify (cancel) the legislation

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Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina passed the Ordinance of
  Nullification declaring the federal legislation
  illegal and threatened to secede
• Henry Clay proposed a compromise
• - Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year
  period
• - South Carolina stayed in the Union
• Increased tensions between North and South

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ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND
ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS
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Differences by mid 1800s

• North
• - More industries
• - Larger cities
• - Better Transportation and communication
  (Railroads telegraph)
• - More wealth
• - Immigrants became industrial workers feared
  expansion of slavery
• - Larger population (gave north control of
  House of Representatives)

• South
• - Remained rural (Plantations Small farms)
• - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton)
• - manufactured under 10 of U.S. goods
• - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met
  labor needs
• - In 3 states, Blacks were majority
• - Whites fear restriction of slavery would
  change society economy

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Mexican War Impact

• Debate over whether new territories should be
  free or slave
• Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian
  Democrat David Wilmot
• Proviso (condition) proposed banning slavery in
  territory acquired from Mexico
• Was voted down by Congress but exposed the
  sectional divisions in the country

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COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE U.S. GAINED NEW TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR WITH
MEXICO WHICH REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER THE NUMBER
OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA WAS ALLOWED
TO ENTER INTO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH
UPSET THE BALANCE OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES. IN
EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
WHICH REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE RETURNED TO
THEIR MASTERS IN THE SOUTH.
CALHOUN
WEBSTER
CLAY
SCOTT
FILLMORE
DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE
COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW
CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO SEPARATION.
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Compromise of 1850

• California entered the Union as free state
• Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the
  territories of Utah and New Mexico
• Popular sovereignty policy (will of majority)
  people living there would vote whether or not to
  allow slavery
• Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C., but
  slavery was still permitted.

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Fugitive Slave Law