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Climate Change: Understanding the Science and Developing Strategies for Action

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Title: Climate Change: Understanding the Science and Developing Strategies for Action


1
Climate Change Understanding the Science and
Developing Strategies for Action
  • Eugene S. Takle, PhD, CCM
  • Professor of Atmospheric Science
  • Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences
  • Professor of Agricultural Meteorology
  • Department of Agronomy
  • Faculty Director, University Honors Program
  • Iowa State University
  • Ames, Iowa 50011
  • gstakle_at_iastate.edu

Science Center of Iowa 5 March 2007
2
Image courtesy of NASA/GSFC
3
Outline
  • Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide
  • Radiative forcing
  • Simulations of global climate and future climate
    change
  • Climate change for Iowa and the Midwest
  • Four components for addressing climate change

Except where noted as personal views or from the
ISU Global Change course or the Iowa
Environmental Mesonet, all materials presented
herein are from peer-reviewed scientific reports
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5
Pattern repeats about every 100,000 years
Natural cycles
6
IPCC Third Assessment Report
7
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
2007 380 ppm
8
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
2050 550 ppm
9
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
Business as Usual 950 ppm
10
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
Business as Usual 950 ppm
?
11
http//www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2006
/ann/glob_jan-dec-error-bar_pg.gif
12
Mann, M. E., R. S. Bailey, and M. K. Hughes,
1999 Geophysical Research Letters 26, 759.
13
Source IPCC, 2001 Climate Change 2001 The
Scientific Basis
14
Source IPCC, 2001 Climate Change 2001 The
Scientific Basis
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IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Summary for Policy
Makers
17
El Chichon (1982)
Agung, 1963
Mt. Pinatubo (1991)
At present trends the imbalance 1 Watt/m2 in
2018
Hansen, Scientific American, March 2004
18
NASA photographs show the minimm Arctic sea ice
concentration in 1979 at left and in
2003.Satellite passive microwave data since 1970s
indicate a 3 decrease per decade in arctic sea
ice extent.
19
Since 1979, the size of the summer polar ice cap
has shrunk more than 20 percent. (Illustration
from NASA) (http//www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/qth
inice.asp)
20
Source Corell, R. W., 2004 Impacts of a
warming Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
(www.acia.uaf.edu) Cambridge University Press
(www.cambridge.org).
21
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22
Kennedy Space Center
Impact of a 1-m rise in sea level on low-lying
areas
Projected sea-level rise In 21st century 0.5 to
1.0 m
Areas subjected to Inundation with a 1 m (3 ft)
rise in sea level
Miami
Source Corell, R. W., 2004 Impacts of a
warming Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
(www.acia.uaf.edu) Cambridge University Press
(www.cambridge.org).
23
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Hansen, Scientific American, March 2004
25
http//www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2006
/ann/glob_jan-dec-error-bar_pg.gif
26
Natural and anthropogenic contributions to global
temperature change (Meehl et al., 2004).
Observed values from Jones and Moberg 2001. Grey
bands indicate 68 and 95 range derived from
multiple simulations.
27
Natural and anthropogenic contributions to global
temperature change (Meehl et al., 2004).
Observed values from Jones and Moberg 2001. Grey
bands indicate 68 and 95 range derived from
multiple simulations.
Natural cycles
28
Natural and anthropogenic contributions to global
temperature change (Meehl et al., 2004).
Observed values from Jones and Moberg 2001. Grey
bands indicate 68 and 95 range derived from
multiple simulations.
Not Natural
29
Natural and anthropogenic contributions to global
temperature change (Meehl et al., 2004).
Observed values from Jones and Moberg 2001. Grey
bands indicate 68 and 95 range derived from
multiple simulations.
Highly Likely Not Nartural
Not Natural
30
Source Jerry Meehl, National Center for
Atmospheric Research
31
Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Hurricane Power Dissipation Index (PDI)
Sea-surface temperature
V
V
V
Emanual, Kerry, 2005 Increasing destructiveness
of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years.
Nature, 436, 686-688.
32
Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Hurricane Power Dissipation Index (PDI)
Sea-surface temperature
V
V
V
Emanual, Kerry, 2005 Increasing destructiveness
of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years.
Nature, 436, 686-688.
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34
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Summary for Policy
Makers
35
Source National Center for Atmospheric Research
36
The planet is committed to a warming over the
next 50 years regardless of political decisions
Source National Center for Atmospheric Research
37
The planet is committed to a warming over the
next 50 years regardless of political decisions
Mitigation Possible
Adaptation Necessary
Source National Center for Atmospheric Research
38
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Summary for Policy
Makers
39
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Summary for Policy
Makers
40
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Summary for Policy
Makers
41
Projected Changes for the Climate of Iowa/Midwest
(My tentative assessment)
  • Longer frost-free period (high)
  • Higher average winter temperatures (high)
  • Fewer extreme cold temperatures in winter (high)
  • More extreme high temperatures in summer (medium)
  • Higher nighttime temperatures both summer and
    winter (high)
  • More (10) precipitation (medium)
  • More variability of summer precipitation (high)
  • More intense rain events and hence more runoff
    (high)
  • Higher episodic streamflow (medium)
  • Longer periods without rain (medium)
  • Higher absolute humidity (high)
  • Stronger storm systems (medium)
  • Reduced annual mean wind speeds (medium)

Follows trend of last 25 years and projected by
models No current trend but
model suggestion or current trend but models
inconclusive
42
Four-Component Approach for Addressing Climate
Change
  • Mitigation policies 2050-2100
  • Example reduction in GHG emissions
  • Adaptation (long-term) 2015-2050
  • Example Developing Iowas competitive economic
    advantage
  • Adaptation (short-term) 2008-2015
  • Example redefining climate normals
    when needed and scientifically justified
  • Scenario planning for Iowas Katrina 2007-2100
  • Example Multi-year drought, recurrent floods,
    combination of both drought and wildfire

EST personal view
43
Climate Adaptation(Short-Term)
If a meteorological variable began departing from
its long-term background near or after 1970 it
may be related to the radiation imbalance and
thereby has a better chance than not of
continuing its new trend over the next 5-10 years.
EST personal view
44
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
45
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
46
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
47
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
48
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
49
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
50
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
51
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
52
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
53
D. Herzmann, Iowa Environmental Mesonet
54
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56
http//www.grida.no/climate/vital/37.htm
57
Climate Surprises
  • Breakdown of the ocean thermohaline circulation
    (Greenland melt water)
  • Break-off of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

58
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60
Kennedy Space Center
Areas subjected to Inundation with a 1 m (3 ft)
rise in sea level
Miami
61
(No Transcript)
62
Warming Hole
C
DTmax (JJA)
63
North America Regional Climate Change Assessment
Program
Linda O. Mearns, National Center for Atmospheric
Research Principal Investigator
  • Raymond Arritt, William Gutowski, Gene Takle,
    Iowa State University
  • Erasmo Buono, Richard Jones, Hadley Centre, UK
  • Daniel Caya, OURANOS, Canada
  • Phil Duffy, Lawrence Livermore National
    Laboratories, USA
  • Filippo Giorgi, Jeremy Pal, Abdus Salam ICTP,
    Italy
  • Isaac Held, Ron Stouffer, NOAA Geophysical Fluid
    Dynamics Laboratory, USA
  • René Laprise, Univ. de Québec à Montréal, Canada
  • Ruby Leung, Pacific Northwest National
    Laboratories, USA
  • Linda O. Mearns, Doug Nychka, Phil Rasch, Tom
    Wigley, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
    USA
  • Ana Nunes, John Roads, Scripps Institution of
    Oceanography, USA
  • Steve Sain, Univ. of Colorado at Denver, USA
  • Lisa Sloan, Mark Snyder, Univ. of California at
    Santa Cruz, USA

http//www.narccap.ucar.edu/
64
Reanalyzed climate , 1979-2000
65
For More Information
  • For peer-reviewed evidence supporting everything
    you have seen in this presentation, see my online
    Global Change course
  • http//www.meteor.iastate.edu/gccourse
  • Contact me directly
  • gstakle_at_iastate.edu
  • Current research on regional climate and climate
    change is being conducted at Iowa State Unversity
    under the Regional Climate Modeling Laboratory
  • http//rcmlab.agron.iastate.edu/
  • North American Regional Climate Change Assessment
    Program
  • http//www.narccap.ucar.edu/
  • For this and other climate change presentations
    see my personal website
  • http//www.meteor.iastate.edu/faculty/takle/
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