Linkage and crossingover - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Title:

Linkage and crossingover

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?? ?????? ??? ZZ ???? ?? ????? ? ZW ???? ?? ??????. ... XX XY ZZ ZW ??????: X X Y Z Z W ?????????. XX XY ZZ ZW ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????. ????? 1428 ?? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Linkage and crossingover


1
??? ????? ??????? 1428 ??
  • ?. ??? ???? ?????

????? 1428 ??
2
????? ??????
  • ??????? ??????? .
  • ???????? ??????? Linkage and crossing-over
  • ??????? Mutations
  • ???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
  • ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
  • ??? ??????? Prepotency
  • ?????? ???????? ?????? Sex-linked inheritance
  • ??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
    inheritance

????? 1428 ??
3
Quiz 2
  • ???? ??????? ????? ( ????? ?? ???? )
  • ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?
  • ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?
  • ??? ??? ????? P ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???
    ????? p ?????? ?????? ?????? W ???? ?? ?????
    ????? ?????? w ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( ????? ?????
    ) ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????
  • PPWW x ppww
  • ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????

4
????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
  • ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? Additive effect
  • ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??
    ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
    ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
    ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
  • ????
  • ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????
    ?? ???????. ???? ????? Bl ????? ????? ??????
    ?????? bl ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????
    ???? ???? ??????? ??????? BlBl ???? ????? ????
    ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? blbl ????
    ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
    ??????? Blbl ???? ????? ????.

????? 1428 ??
5
????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
  • ??????? ??????? Dominance effect
  • ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
    ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??
    ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
    ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
    Intra-allelic interaction
  • ????
  • ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????
    ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? Y ????? ????? ??????
    ?????? y ????? ????? ?????? . ???? ????? Y ????
    ????? ????? y ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
    ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
    ??????? YY ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????
    ??????? ??????? Yy ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
    ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? yy ???? ???
    ????? ???? . ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
    ????? y ?????? Y ?? ??????? ??????? Yy ???? ???
    ??????? ??? ??????? ????? y ?????? Y ?? ???????
    ??????? yy

????? 1428 ??
6
????? ??????? ????? Types of gene action
  • ??????? ??????? Epistatic effect
  • ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
    ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????
    ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????
    ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????
    ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ?????
    ??? ??????? ????? a ?????? A ?? ??? ???? ???????
    ??????? aa ?? ???? BB ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????
    ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? bb ??
    ?????? ?????
  • ????
  • ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? .??? ????? ?? ???
    ????? ????? ?? ???????? (????? ????? C ? c
    ?????? ?????? I? i). ????? C ??????? ?? ?????
    ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????
    ??????? ii ? c ??? ?? ???? ????? I ???? ?????
    ?????? ???? ???????? ????? C ?? ????? ?????
    ??? ????? c ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
    ??????? ????? C .

????? 1428 ??
7
???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
??? ????? ????? ???????
????? 1428 ??
8
??????? ??????? Lethal genes
  • ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????
    ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
    ????? ??? ????? Semi-lethal genes ????? ????
    ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
    ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??
    ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? .
  • ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? D ???? ???? ??????
    ????? ?????? d ?? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ?????)
    ??? ????? ???? ???? DD ?? Dd ????- ?????
    ????? ???? ???? dd ???? ??????0
  • ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? l ???? ????
    ?????? ????? L ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
    ???? ???? LL ????? ????? Ll ?????? ??????-
    ????? ????? ???? ???? ll ????0

????? 1428 ??
9
??????? Mutations
  • ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??
    ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????.
  • ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???
  • ???? ???? ???? ????? Intra-genic mutation ?? ??
    ???? ????? ???.
  • ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? .
  • ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????
    ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

????? 1428 ??
10
??????? Mutations
  • ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
    ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ???????
    ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??????
    ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1 ??? 100 ??? ??? 1 ???
    ????? . ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
    ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????

????? 1428 ??
11
??????? Mutations
  • ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???
  • ?????? ??? ?????????0
  • ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???0
  • ?????? ?????????0
  • ???? ??? X-rays .
  • ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
    ????? ???
  • ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
    ?????? (???????) ????? ???? ??? ????????
    ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
    ???? ?????? 000 ???0

????? 1428 ??
12
???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
  • ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
    ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???
    . ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????
    ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
    ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? .
  • ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
    ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????
    ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ??? C?
    Cch? ch? ca) ??

????? 1428 ??
13
???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
  • 1? ????? C ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??
    ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
    ?????? ?????? ??????.
  • 2? ????? Cch ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???
    ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????
    ??????? ( ch ? ca ) .
  • 3? ????? ch ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????
    ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
    ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
    ?????? ?????? (ca).
  • 4? ????? ca ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? .
  • ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
    ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
    ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
    ??????? ?? ?????? ??????

????? 1428 ??
14
???????? ???????? Multiple alleles
????? 1428 ??
15
??? ???????
  • ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????
    ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??????
    ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???
    ????? ???? ????
  • 1? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??
    ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
    ???????. ????? ????" ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
    ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????".
  • 2? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
    ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????
    ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????
    ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????
    ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? .
  • 3? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
    ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????
    ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
    ????????. ????? ???? "???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
    ???? ?? ??? ???????".

????? 1428 ??
16
??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-linked inheritance
  • ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????
    ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? Z . ???
    ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
    ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????
    ??????? . ?? ?????? ??? ZZ ???? ?? ????? ? ZW
    ???? ?? ?????? .
  • ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??
    ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??
    ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
    ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
    ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????.

????? 1428 ??
17
????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????0
?? ??????
?? ??????? ????
??? ??? ????
XX XY ZZ
ZW ?????? X
X Y Z Z W
?????????
XX XY ZZ ZW
????? ???? ???
??? ????
????? 1428 ??
18
???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????
????? 1428 ??
19
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
????? 1428 ??
20
????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????
?? ???? ????
????
??? ?????? BW
BB ?????????
B W
B ??? ????? ????? BB
BW ???? ?????
??? ????
????? ?????? ??? (???? ????? ) ???? ????
???? ?????? BW
Bb ????????? B W
B b ??? ????? ????? BB
Bb BW
bW ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
???? ????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????
????? 1428 ??
21
??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
  • ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
    ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????
    ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????
    Somatic cells ????????? ????? ???? ?????. ???
    ???? ??????? ??????? Heterozygotes ??? ???????
    ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
    ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????
    ?????? ?? ???

22
??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
  • ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? Ayrshire
  • ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????
    ?? ?????? M ? m. ????? M ???? ???? ?????
    ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? m ???? ?????
    ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????
    ????? ?????? ?????? ??

23
??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
24
??????? ???????? ?????? Sex-influenced
inheritance
  • ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
    ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
    ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
    ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????0 ??? ???
    ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
    (???? ????? ?? ??????) ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????
    ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????
    ?????? ??????? ??????????.

????? ????
  • ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
  • ??? ????? ?? ???????

25
????? ????
  • ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
  • ??? ????? ?? ???????
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