World History, Chapter 12

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World History, Chapter 12
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Background for Chapter 11
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Diocletian

• In 285, Diocletian reformed the empire and
  divided the empire into East and West.
• West Latin speaking Italy, Gaul, Britannia
  and Spain
• East Greek speaking Greece, Anatolia, Syria
  and Egypt
• Diocletian took the eastern half of the empire,
  which was included most of the great cities and
  trade centers of the time and was wealthier.

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Emperor Constantine

• rebuilt the old post city of Byzantium on the
  Bosporus strait for 2 reasons
• 1. In Byzantium, he could respond to the danger
  of the Germanic tribes.
• 2. He could also be close to his rich eastern
  provinces
• He renamed the city Constantinople
• the power of the Roman empire was shifted to the
  east
• the Empire was officially divided in 395

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Map of Constantinopleabout 550

• What landform describes the site on which Byzas
  decided to build his colony?
• How would you describe the situation of the
  colony?
• Why might Byzas have thought the people of
  Chalcedon blind?
• When the Romans took over Byzantium, they
  realized that the site might be
• difficult to defend from the west. How did
  they remedy this?
• What do the symbols and words on the map tell
  you about the cultural life of the
• city?

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What made Constantinople a great city?

• geography favorable location for trade
• history shift from west gave opportunity for
  new vitality
• culture blending of Greek and Roman traditions
  with the added feature of Christianity
• Constantinople was the first Christian capital of
  the first Christian empire

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Map of Constantinople under Justinian

• Describe the landform on which Constantinople is
  located.
• Identify the body of water that connects the Sea
  of Marmara with the Aegean Sea.
• What is the Bosporus?
• Name five regions with which Constantinople
  trades.
• What are the commercial and military advantages
  of the location of Constantinople?

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Byzantine Empire under Justinian
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The Byzantine Empire

• 12.1

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Justinian

• In 527, Justinian became ruler of the eastern
  empire of the Roman Empire

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Justinian had three major goals
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goals 1 To reunited the empire by conquering
Roman lands to the west
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goals 2 To create a single, uniform code for
Justinian's New Rome

• Justinian ordered a team of Greek and Latin
  scholars to compile and simplify the laws. and
  legal opinions of the preceding 400 years
• Justinian's Code became the basis of Byzantine
  law for the next 900 years and later of western
  European laws
• Justinian's most important contribution.

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goals 3 To create an Imperial capital.

• He undertook a massive building program in
  Constantinople.
• Constantinople was a well protected city.
• Sea walls guarded it from hostile navies.
• To the west, a moat and three walls blocked the
  only land route to the city

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How well did Justinian achieve his goals?

• His works on the city and the laws were of
  lasting value to civilization.
• His wars, however, proved to be a waste of men
  and money

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Hagia Sophia

• When the first church burned down, Justinian
  immediately commissioned a new one.
• More than 10,000 workers labored for almost 6
  years
• illuminated each night by thousands of candles,
• It was described as a "sacred light" that guided
  sailors into the city's safe harbor.
• It symbolized a spiritual lighthouse for the
  world's first Christian capital.

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Hagia Sophias beauty convinced visiting Russian
nobles that they should adopt Byzantine
Christianity rather than the Roman Catholic
Church http//www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/H
agia_Sophia.html
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Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox
(Byzantine) Church

• discuss Latin and Vatican II

• Latin
• Petrine doctrine
• The Pope
• Priests do not marry
• No divorce

Vernacular The patriarch The emperor Priests
marry Divorce permitted

• One God
• The bible
• Many beliefs

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The Rise of Russia

• 12.2

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Russia about 1100

• What modern day Scandinavian country borders
  Russia?
• What 3 countries border the Baltic Sea?
• What modern-day countries are in the region
  labeled Hungary?
• Why is the location of Kiev advantageous for
  trade with Constantinople?
• Russians did not control the territory alone the
  coast of the Black Sea. Why would they want to
  control this area and control the Dnieper River?

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The Slavs

• The people from the forests north of the Black
  Sea
• began trading with Constantinople
• As they traded, they began absorbing Greek
  Byzantine ideas
• Russian culture grew out of this blending of
  Slavic and Greek traditions

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The first unified Russian territory

• West of the Ural Mountains in the region that
  runs from the Black Sea to the Baltic
• Three great rivers, the Dnieper, the Don and the
  Volga
• Forests were inhabited by tribes of Slavic
  farmers and traders
• No political unity

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The Rus

• probably Vikings
• built forts along the rivers and settled among
  the Slavs
• Russian legend says the Slavs invited the Vikings
  to rule them

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The city of Kiev

• Settled originally as a trading port on the
  Dnieper River
• good access by river to the sea and
  Constantinople.
• Grew into a principality (a small state ruled by
  a prince)

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Kiev choose the Orthodox Christian Church

• Vladimir sent teams to check out the three major
  religions Islam, Judaism and Western
  Christianity
• Teams that scouted Islam, Judaism and Roman
  Christianity were not really sold on them
• The team that checked out Byzantine Christianity
  was excited by the Hagia Sophia

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Cyril

• A Greek monk
• Used the vernacular to celebrate mass (use of
  native language helped convert)
• developed written alphabet for Slavonic language
  (Cyrillic alphabet)

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Kiev the growth and declined

• Kiev became a commercial and cultural center
• Yaroslav changed the way the ruler was chosen
• He divided his empire among his sons
• His sons tore the state apart fighting over it

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The Mongol invasion of Russia

• During the mid-1000s, Kiev reached the height of
  its power as a center of trade and culture.
• By the end of the 1200s, Kiev had suffered a
  steep decline.
• Kiev was under attackfirst by princes within its
  borders, and then by invaders from beyond.

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The Mongols

• Genghis Khan, swept across Asia and defeated the
  Rus
• Set up an Empire that lasted 200 years
• Allowed religious and cultural freedom in
  exchange for high taxes and obedience
• Left local princes in charge, did not interfere
  with church
• Prince Alexander encouraged Russians not to
  rebel against new masters, so
• Mongols did not destroy as much as in other lands
• Mongol rule helped Moscow rise and united Russia

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The Mongol Empire

• Over what 2 continents did the Mongol empire
  extend?
• How far east did the empire extend?
• How far west?
• Name 4 Khanates that made up the Mongol empire
• What was the capital of the Mongol empire?
• What areas shown on the map were not part of the
  Mongol empire?

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The Swedes

• At same time Mongols attacked Rus, Swedes invaded
  Russian territory in the north of
• Swedes wanted control of rich trade route between
  Russia and the Byzantine Empire
• Prince Alexander launched surprise attack
  against the Swedish camp
• The Swedes were defeated
• Alexander known as Alexander Nevsky after victory

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Invasion from the Baltic

• Teutonic Knights
• German military order of knights
• Tried to force Russians to abandon Orthodox
  Church and convert to Roman Catholicism
• Invaded from Baltic Sea Alexander fought several
  battles with them
• Massacre on the Ice
• April 1242, Alexanders army lured Knights onto
  thinning ice
• Ice cracked men, horses fell into freezing water
• Battle known as massacre on the ice, one of
  Russias most famous

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Christianity in Western Europe

• 12.3

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The effects of Germanic invasions on the western
Roman Empire

• disruption of trade
• downfall of cities
• population shifts
• decline of learning
• loss of common language

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Results of the fall of Rome

• In the east, the Byzantine Empire flourished.
• In the west, no single empire arose from Romes
  ashes. Germanic groups established many small
  kingdoms.

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Germanic ideas about government differ from Roman
ideas about government

• Roman loyalty to Rome, citizenship, public
  government and written law had unified Roman
  society
• Germanic Family ties and personal loyalty bound
  Germanic society together. Germanic people lived
  in small communities. They had unwritten rules
  and traditions.

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Germanic Peoples began New Kingdoms in Europe and
they became Christian
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Angles and Saxons

• 2 groups of Germanic peoples establishing
  kingdoms in Europe
• group of monks led by Augustine of Canterbury
  converted people of Kent
• Christianity spread to the rest of England

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The Franks

• Led by king named Clovis, who vowed to become
  Christian if troops won in battle
• Under Clovis and his successors, the Franks
  became major power in western Europe
• 800s, height of Frankish power, led by
  Charlemagne (next chapter)

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The events leading to the rise of the Frankish
kingdom

• Charles Martel expands Frankish rule through
  conquest
• Battle of Tours - Charles defeated Muslim raiders
  from Spain -significance if Muslims had won,
  western Europe might have become part of the
  Muslim empire.
• Pepin, Martel's son, becomes king and forms an
  alliance between Frankish kings and the pope
• Pope anointed Pepin king by the grace of God"
• Charlemagne, Pepin's son, inherits a strengthened
  kingdom.

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Christianity appealed to many Europeans

• During the Middle Ages (or medieval times)
  peoples lives filled with doubt, suffering
  hardship
• Christianity offered comfort, promise of happy
  afterlife, sense of community

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The Papacy strengthens

• In the early middle ages, the pope had little
  authority
• Pope Gregory expanded papal power
• the church became a political as well as a
  spiritual power
• used Church revenues to raise armies, repair
  roads, and help the poor
• negotiated peace treaties with invaders
• acted as mayor of Rome, but influence extended
  beyond city's borders

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Benedictine Rule

• Benedicts rule, collection of guidelines for
  monks, called Benedictine Rule
• Based on daily schedule combination of prayer,
  labor
• Organization of Benedictine Order
• Each monastery a distinct entity
• No central authority
• Each run by abbot chosen by monks, or local noble

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Monks and monasteries

• operated schools
• maintained libraries
• copied books

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