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Title: Non-Native Forest Insects of Concern


1
Non-Native Forest Insects of Concern
Bob Rabaglia Forest Health Protection USDA Forest
Service Arlington, VA 22209 brabaglia_at_fs.fed.us
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Exotic Insects in North America
  • gt 400 exotic species affecting forests and
    forest products are established in the US

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Exotic Insects in North America
  • Ecological Impacts
  • Impact structure composition of forest
  • Aid other destructive forces
  • Impact wildlife, fisheries
  • Impact water quality

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Exotic Insects in North America
  • Economic Impacts
  • Reduce Yield Mortality Growth Loss
  • Affect Quality
  • Impact recreation
  • Increase Management Costs

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Exotic Insects in North America
  • Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
  • 1998 - 2004 Total 9.3 Million

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Exotic Insects in North America
  • Gypsy Moth uppression
  • From 1980 -2003
  • Federal and State expenditures
  • 214,000,000

MD State suppression share 21,000,000
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Exotic Insects in North America
  • USDA
  • APHIS Forest Service
  • Total spent on
  • emerald ash borer
  • 66 Million

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Exotic Insects in North America
  • USDA
  • APHIS Forest Service
  • Total spent on
  • Asian longhorned beetle
  • 182 Million

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Major flows of forest products in international
trade (Liebhold et. al 1995).
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Port InspectionsPest Interception Network
Database
  • From 1985-2000 600,000 pest interceptions
  • Coleoptera 4th most common order
  • Most commonly intercepted beetle familiy
  • Scolytidae (Haack Cavey)

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Exotic insects affecting trees and
forestsOrders interceptedHomopteraLepidopter
aHymenopteraColeoptera Cerambycidae Buprestida
e Scolytidae
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Bark and wood-boring insectsEstablished since
1989 Coleoptera Scolytidae (25)Coleoptera
Cerambycidae (4)Coleoptera Buprestidae
(2)Hymenoptera Xiphidriidae (1)Hymenoptera
Micromalthidae (1)Hymenoptera Siricidae (1)
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaHow are they
getting here?
  • Function of cargo SWPM for tile, machinery,
    granite, ironware seeds
  • 117 different countries of origin
  • Top 10
  • Italy, Germany, Spain, Mexico, Jamaica,
    Belgium, France, China, Russia and India

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Solid Wood Packing MaterialIntercepted
Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of entry
19852000
Haack, R. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6
253282, 2001.
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaYear of First
Report/Detection
YEAR lt1980 1980s 1990s 2000s TOTAL 29 8 10 8
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  • Coccotrypes advena Phloeosinus armatus
  • Hylastes opacus Euwallacea validus
  • Xyleborus atratus Xyleborus pelliculosus
  • Coccotrypes vulgaris Dryoxylon onoharaensum
  • Ambrosiodmus lewisi Pityogenes bidentatus
  • Tomicus piniperda Coccotrypes rutshurensis
  • Xyleborus pfeili Hylurgus ligniperda
  • Hypothenemus setosus Xyleborinus alni
  • Tyrpodendron domestictum Xylosandrus mutilatus
  • Hylurgops palliatus Orthotomicus erosus
  • Xyleborus glabratus Xyleborus seriatus
  • Xyleborus similis Xyleborus maiche
  • Euwallacea fornicatus
  • Scolytus schevyrewi

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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaArea of Origin
CONTINENT Europe Eurasia Asia Africa S. America TOTAL 4 12 27 11 1
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaHabits and Area
of Origin
Bark Beetles Ambrosia Beetles Seed twig Beetles
Europe 4
Eurasia 8 4
Asia 1 17 9
Africa 1 10
S. Amer 1
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaAmbrosia Beetles
Genus Species Exotic Species Trypodendron 6 1
Xyloterinus 1 Gnathotrichus 7 Monarthrum 5
Corthylus 3
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
Genus Species Exotic Species Premnobius 1 1 A
mbrosiodmus 7 2 Euwallacea 2 2 Xyleborus 2
0 9 Xylosandrus 5 4 Xyleborinus 3 2
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
http//xyleborini.tamu.edu/
Key to Genera of Female American Xyleborina 1.
Antennal club strongly fattened, basal corneous
area small, its margin procurved (Fig. 1)
pregula expanded and flush with ventral surface
of head . . . . . . . . . .. Premnobius -
Antennal club obliquely truncate, not strongly
fattened, basal corneous portion larger, margin
recurved (Fig. 2) pregula impressed .
2 2 (1). Scutellum conical,
base of elytra at suture notched, with abundant
setae (Fig. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . Xyleborinus - Scutellum moderately
large, its surface flush with adjacent elytra,
glabrous (Fig. 4) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
http//xyleborini.tamu.edu/
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
  • Easily transported and established
  • Skewed sex ratio
  • Sib-mating
  • Broad host range
  • Warm/humid climate

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Xyleborus glabratus
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborus
glabratus
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Exotic Scolytids in North America
  • Xyleborus glabratus
  • 1st found in North America 2002
  • 3 beetles in traps near Savannah, GA

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Exotic Scolytids in North America
  • Xyleborus glabratus
  • 1st found in North America 2002
  • 3 beetles in traps near Savannah, GA
  • 2005 found infesting red bay trees in 3 counties
    in GA and 2 counties in SC
  • Vectoring pathogenic fungus

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Exotic Scolytids in North America
  • Xyleborus glabratus
  • Native to Asia (India, Japan, Taiwan
  • Asian hosts Lindera, Litsea, Shorea.
  • North American hosts Persea, Sassafras?
  • 2006-2007 infestations in SC, GA FL

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USFS EDRREarly Detection Rapid Response
Focus on wooded areas near high-risk solid-wood
packing material endpoints landfills, wood
recycling locations, warehouses, distribution
centers, dunnage piles, factories.
Urban and wildland-urban interface forests such
as parks, arboreta, and fragmented forests near
new developments. Coordination with APHIS CAPS
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Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) Pilot
Project, 2001-2006
Results
2001 Hylurgops palliatus near Erie, PA 2002
Xyleborus similis in Houston, TX Xyleborus
glabratus near Savannah, GA 2003 Scolytus
schevyrewi in CO UT 2005 Xyleborus seriatus
in MA
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APHIS - Surveys
  • APHIS/CAPS National Exotic Woodborer/Bark beetle
    Survey
  • Targets select species of Cerambycids, Buprestids
    and Scolytids
  • Concentrates around high risk sites such as
    ports, warehouses, importers, nurseries
  • Found Ips typographus at ports and warehouses
  • Found Sirex noctilio in NY

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What is the threat?
  • Current known infestation is in natural forests
    in New York and Pennsylvania.
  • Infestations of this insect in other countries
    have caused significant mortality in pine
    plantations.
  • Monterey, lodgepole, ponderosa, jack and most
    species of southern pines (especially loblolly)
    are known to be susceptible. The susceptibility
    of other North American conifers is not known.

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Whats being done?
  • USFS, APHIS and states have conducted aerial
    surveys, mapped symptomatic trees and trapped
    in many states in the northeast and south.
  • Developed an identification guide to Siricids

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Whats being done?
  • Developed a series of National Risk maps for
    Sirex to aid in national strategic and local
    survey planning.

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Whats being done?
  • USFS , APHIS have formed a Sirex Science Panel
    and Sirex Management Team.
  • Strategy includes delimitation surveys,
    regulatory implementation and development of
    biocontrol.

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Whats being done?
  • Biocontrol with a parasitic nematode is key to
    reducing impacts and has saved millions of
    dollars in Australia and Brazil.
  • APHIS and FS are working to test nematodes in
    N. America and get regulatory clearance.

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Long-term direction
  • Develop silviculture guidelines to reduce
    impacts of Sirex. Good management practices
    maintaining stand health and vigor will
    minimize Sirex damage.
  • Continue work to develop better traps and lures
    for earlier detection.

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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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128 acres of forest impacted
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  • Emerald Ash Borer In Maryland
  • No new infested trees were found after nearly 3
    years of post treatment surveys until fall 2006
    when two infested trees were found just outside
    of the original ½ mile control area.
  • Additional surveys have since found infested
    trees a mile or more from the site of the 2003
    original infestation.
  • MDA is removing more than 20,000 ash trees in an
    area covering some 13,000 acres.
  • MDA has initiated a quarantine of Prince
    Georges County, restricting movement of hardwood
    firewood and ash nursery and wood products from
    the County.

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Emerald Ash Borer
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