NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOMATERIAL

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NANOTECHNOLOGYNANOMATERIAL

• BRIAN HICKEY
• LI LUO
• DAVIES MUCHE

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Introduction

• NanoHistory
• NanoTechnology
• NanoMaterial
• NanoBiology
• NanoElectronic
• NanoComputational Science
• NanoFunding

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History of NANO

• Tools 2,000,000 B.C.
• Metallurgy 3600 B.C.
• Steam power 1764
• Mass production 1908
• Automation 1946
• Sixth industrial revolution NOW
• Moving from micrometer scale to nanometer scale
  devices

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Milestone

• 1959 R. Feynman Delivers Plenty of Room at the
  Bottom
• 1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented
• 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)
• 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented
• 1987 First single-electron transistor
  created
• 1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered
• 2000 US Launches National Nanotechnology
  Initiative
• 2002. 01 ITRI Nano Research Center Established

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What is Nanomaterial?

• Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials
  with an average grain size less than 100
  nanometers.
• One billion nanometers equals one meter

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Comparisons

• The average width of a human hair is on the order
  of 100,000 nanometers
• A single particle of smoke is in the order of
  1,000 nanometers.  

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Why Nanotech?

• A small science with a huge potential

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Why Nanotech?

• Nanotechnology exploits benefits of ultra small
  size, enabling the use of particles to deliver a
  range of important benefits
• Small particles are invisible
• Transparent Coatings/Films are attainable
• Small particles are very weight efficient
• Surfaces can be modified with minimal material.

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Components
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Weight efficient and Uniform coverage

• Large spherical particles do not cover much
  surface area
• Nanoparticles Equal mass of small platelet
  particles provides thorough coverage (1 x 106
  times more)

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Nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology The creation of functional
  materials, devices and systems through control of
  matter on the nanometer(1100nm) length scale and
  the exploitation of novel properties and
  phenomena developed at that scale.
• Why nano length scale ?
• - By patterning matter on the nano scale,
• it is possible to vary fundamental properties
  of materials without changing the chemical
  composition

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Approaches

• Top-down Breaking down matter into more basic
  building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or
  thermal methods.
• Bottoms-up Building complex systems by
  combining simple atomic-level components.

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Different types of Nanomaterial

• Nanopowder
• Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter)
  for more complex nanostructures.
• Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite
  sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in
  diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers
  (microns) long.
• The Strongest Material

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Nanopowders

• Advanced nanophase materials synthesized from
  nanopowders have improved properties.
• Such as increased stronger and less breakable
  ceramics. They may conduct electrons, ions,
  heat, or light more readily then conventional
  materials.
• Exhibit improved magnetic and catalytic
  properties.

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Advantages of Nanopowders

• Continuous connections between large numbers of
  grains make the material more stretchable and
  ductile so it doesn't easily crack.
• Made of tight clusters of very small particles,
  resulting in overlapping electron clouds that
  induce quantum effects. Possibly resulting in
  more efficient conduction of light or electricity.

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Nanopowder Applications

• Useful in manufacturing inhalable drugs.
• Particles in the micrometer scale are deposited
  in the alveoli of the lung, often leading to
  clumping problems.
• Could use smaller nanoparticles to prevent
  clumping by forcing spacing.

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Pictures
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Nanotube

• Carbon Nanotube(CNT)
• - Originally, discovered as by products of
  fullerenes and now are considered to be the
  building blocks of future nanoscale electronic
  and mechanical devices.

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Nanotube

• Discovery of CNT
• (1) Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube(MWNT)
• - Sumio Ijyma(Nature,1991)
• (2) Single-Walled carbon Nanotube(SWNT)
• - Ijyma,Bethune,et al. (1993)
• (3) Single Crystals of SWNT
• - R.R.Schlittler,et al. (Science,
  May.2001)

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Structure of Nanotube

• SWNT atom structures
• - Basically,sheets of graphite rolled up
• into a tube as shown figure.
• - The hexagonal two dimensional lattice of
  graphite is mapped on a cylinder of radius R with
  various helicities characterized by the rolling
  vectors (n,m).

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Manufacturing
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Manufacturing
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Nanotube applications

• Structural elements in bridges, buildings,
  towers, and cables
• Material for making lightweight vehicles for all
  terrains
• Heavy-duty shock absorbers
• Open-ended straws for chemical probing and
  cellular injection
• Nanoelectronics including batteries capacitors,
  and diodes
• Microelectronic heat-sinks and insulation due to
  high thermal conductivity
• Nanoscale gears and mechanical components
• Electron guns for flat-panel displays
• Nanotube-buckyball encapsulation coupling for
  molecular computing with high RAM capacity

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Research from IBM

• The IBM scientists used nanotubes to make a
  "voltage inverter" circuit, also known as a "NOT"
  gate . They encoded the entire inverter logic
  function along the length of a single carbon
  nanotube, forming the world's first
  intra-molecular -- or single-molecule -- logic
  circuit.
• Carbon nanotube transistors transformed into
  logic-performing integrated circuits major step
  toward molecular computers
• Aug 28 2001-breakthrough development of
  transistor technology

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Spinach Proteins and Carbon Nanotubes

• Spinach contains a chlorophyll-containing protein
  called Photosystem I (PSI, pronounced PS One)
  that upon receiving a photon of light, exhibits
  an electrical current that flows through it in
  one direction in 10 to 30 picoseconds 100 times
  faster than in a silicon photodiode.
• Applications in photo battery or solar electric
  cell. Next generation opto-electronics might be
  spinach based rather than silicon.

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Nanodevices in the Treatment of Cancer
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Nanostructures in Biological Systems

• Two major concerns
• To be large enough they dont just pass through
  the body.
• Need to be small enough they dont accumulate in
  vital organs and create toxicity problems.

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Biological Nanodevices

• Bottom-up approach frequently used when
  constructing nanomaterials for use in medicine
• Most animal cells are 10 to 20 thousand
  nanometers in diameter.
• Nanodevices smaller than 100 nanometers would be
  able to enter the cells and organelles where they
  could interact with DNA and proteins.

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Biological Nanodevices (cont)

• This could assist with the detection of disease
  in very small cell or tissue samples.
• Could also allow less invasive examination of
  living cells within the body.

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Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

• Currently done by physical examination or imaging
  techniques
• Early molecular changes not detected by these
  methods.
• Need to detect changes in small percentage of
  cells, need very sensitive technology, enter
  nanostructures.

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Improvements in Diagnostics

• Nanodevices could exam tissue or cell samples
  without physically altering them.
• Improving miniaturization will allow nanodevices
  to contain the tools to perform multiple tests
  simultaneously.
• Leading to faster, more efficient, and less
  sample consuming diagnostic tests.

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Cantilevers

• Tiny levers that bind to molecules associated
  with cancerous tissue. (such as altered DNA
  sequences or proteins)
• Surface tension changes lead to bonded
  cantilevers bending, which can be used to detect
  the presence of these molecules.
• May allow detection of earlier stages of cancer.

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Nanopores

• Helps researchers detect errors in the genetic
  cause that may lead to cancer.
• Funnels DNA through, one strand at a time,
  resulting in more efficient DNA sequencing.
• Monitor shape and electrical properties of each
  base as they pass through the nanopore.
• Properties, which are unique to the bases, allow
  the nanopore to help decipher information encoded
  in the DNA.

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Nanotubes

• Carbon rods approximately half the diameter of a
  DNA molecule.
• Used to detect the presence, and exact location,
  of altered genes.
• Bulky molecules designed to tag specific DNA
  mutations.

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Nanotubes (cont)

• Nanotubes trace the physical shape of the DNA,
  outlining the mutated regions.
• Important because location of mutations influence
  the effects they have on the cell.

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Quantum Dots

• Tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated
  by ultraviolet light.
• Color of glow dependent on size.
• Create latex beads designed to bind to specific
  DNA sequences. Quantum dots within the beads can
  be used to identify specific regions of DNA.
• Diversity allows creation of many unique dot
  labels for DNA sequences.
• Useful because cancer often results from
  accumulation of many different changes in cells.

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Cancer Treatment

• Nanotechnology may allow treatments that target
  cancer cells without harming nearby healthy
  cells.
• May allow creation of therapeutic agents that
  have a controlled, time-release strategy for
  delivering toxins.

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Nanoshells

• Upon absorbing infrared light, release a lethal
  dose of intense heat.
• Linking nanoshells to antibodies that recognize
  cancer cells has successfully allowed researchers
  to kill cancer cells without harming neighboring
  non-cancerous tissue. (in a laboratory)

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Dendrimers

• Man-made molecule comparable in size to average
  protein.
• Has a branching shape, allowing the attachment of
  therapeutic devices and biologically active
  molecules.
• May be used to detect and treat cancer while
  reporting on the results of its attempts.

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Timetables (according to the NCI)

• Quantum dots, nanopores, and other detection and
  diagnosis devices may be available for clinical
  use in 5 to 15 years.
• Therapeutic agents have a similar timeframe.
• Integrated devices may be available clinically in
  about 15 to 20 years.

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• Nanotechnology in Electronic Applications

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Moores Law

• Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) predicted in
  1965 that the transistor density of semiconductor
  chips would double roughly every 18 months.
• It's not a law! It's a prediction about what
  device physicists and process engineers can
  achieve

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Moore's Law Holding!
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Ambitious Predictions

• Moore's Law will have run its course around 2019.
  By that time, transistor features will be just a
  few atoms in width. But new computer
  architectures will continue the exponential
  growth of computing.
• For example, computing cubes are already being
  designed that will provide thousands of layers of
  circuits.

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Facts

• Nanotechnologys ability to continually increase
  the amount of data that fits on a microchip
  provided the industry with escalating computing
  speed and power, which led to even-more-powerful
  products and a strong motive for customers to
  upgrade.
• However, at some point, that miniaturization
  process collides with the physical limits of
  silicon.

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Back In the Days
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Transistors

• The transistor, invented by three scientists at
  the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced
  the vacuum tube as an electronic signal
  regulator.

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Transistors

• A transistor regulates current or voltage flow
  and acts as a switch or gate for electronic
  signals.
• Transistors are the basic elements in integrated
  circuits (ICs), which consist of very large
  numbers of transistors interconnected with
  circuitry and baked into a single silicon
  microchip or "chip."

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Silicon

• Silicon is a chemical element present in sand
  (source is readily available). It is one of the
  best known semiconductor material in electronic
  components.
• Silicon conducts electricity to an extent that
  depends on the extent to which impurities are
  added

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Molecular Devices

• Molecular Scale Electronic Devices
• Molecular Computers are constructed from
  Molecular Scale Electronic Devices which are
  electronic devices that consist of only a few
  atoms and are constructed and interconnected by
  chemical means.
• Major Benefits
• The major benefits of molecular electronics are a
  dramatic reduction in size and power consumption.
  

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Computational Science in NM

• Computational Science comes in to develop tools
  for modeling and designing nanoscale systems.
• The development of a range of computational
  tools, integrated with each other, easily used
  and widely available to industry, is the goal of
  the Nanomaterials researchers

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Why Computational?

• Modeling and simulation provides an
• opportunity to be smarter, quicker!
• Whilst experimental programs are vital, modeling
  ensures that more value is obtained from
  experiments

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Examples

• In electronics -dealing with electrons,
• the density functional methods and the Monte
  Carlo modeling are employed in Molecular dynamics
  to make predictions concerning nanoparticles (e.g
  defect electronic properties, wetting
  properties), or macromolecules.

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Tools / software

• NanoCad in Java A freeware nanotech design system
  
• NanoDesign Concepts and software for
  nanotechnology based on functionalized fullerenes
• AccuModel Accurate 3-D models using the MM3 force
  field
• Amoeba A simulator for nanotechnology
• etc

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Funding in the US

• As a measure of the interest and commitment by
  the U.S. government,
• For fiscal year 2001 the U.S. government
  allocated 422M
• - For fiscal year 2002 the U.S. government will
  allocate 485M
• -On March 9th 2003, Congress approved 849
  million for nanotechnology RD for the fiscal
  year 2003

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Funding Individual States

• Individual States are also investing to ensure
  that they
• can share in the prosperity and employment that
  this
• will bring,
• California has invested 100M to prime the
• creation of a 300M California Nanosystems
  Institute.

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Funding - elsewhere

• Similarly, in Japan the importance of nanoscience
  to
• their economy is exemplified by the spending of
• 410M in the last fiscal year and the setting up
  of 30
• university centers with expertise in nanoscale
  science and technology.
• In the EU
• In terms of research funding, the most important
• programs are Improving the Quality of Life
  (QoL)
• Information Society Technologies (IST) and
• Competitive and Sustainable Growth (GROWTH)

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Reference

• http//www.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/rev32_3/brave.htm
• http//arxiv.org/ftp/cond-mat/papers/0210/0210187.
  pdf
• http//www.mpg.de/doku/wb_materials/wb_materials_1
  66_176.pdf
• http//www.anl.gov/OPA/logos19-1/nanotech02.htm
• http//archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/alliance/partners/App
  licationTechnologies/Nanomaterials.html
• http//www.matmod.com/FAQ.html
• http//www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/ressearch_units/resea
  rch_section/nanotech/nanotech_main.html
• http//press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/nanotech/n
  ano03.htm
• http//www.nanotechfoundation.org/what.html
• http//www.riken.go.jp/labwww/library/publication/
  review/pdf/No_45/45_001.pdf
• http//www.ul.ie/childsp/CinA/Issue58/TOC12_Nanom
  aterial.htm
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/gcc/proj
  ects/in-action-nanotechnology.html