Aerospace Dimensions Module 6 SPACECRAFT Lecture by LtCol W' C' Courtney, CAP

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Aerospace DimensionsModule 6SPACECRAFTLectureb
yLtCol W. C. Courtney, CAP
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Chapter 1 - Unmanned Spacecraft

• After completing this chapter, you should be able
  to
• Define a satellite
• Describe an orbit
• Define apogee and perigee
• Identify Sputnik
• Define a space probe
• Describe the related parts that make up a
  satellite system

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Important Terms

• Satellite - natural or artificial object in space
  that orbits the Earth or other object
• Orbit - the path a satellite takes around a
  celestial body
• Apogee - the highest point of an orbit
• Perigee - the lowest point of an orbit
• Sputnik - the first artificial satellite (Russian)

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Important terms continued

• COMSAT - communications satellites
• INTELSAT - International Telecommunications
  Satellite Organization
• NAVSTAR - navigation satellites
• LANDSAT - satellites that locate natural
  resources monitor conditions on the Earths
  surface
• GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental
  Satellites

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Origin of Satellites

• German astronomer Johannes Kepler discovered
  objects orbiting Jupiter
• He named them satellites of Jupiter
• Satellite is French for guard or attendant
• Russians launched the first manmade satellite in
  1957. It was called Sputnik
• Earths only natural satellite is the Moon

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COMSTATs

• Huge business
• First commercial satellite was a COMSAT the
  Telstar 1 in 1962
• Now includes, satellite television, radio etc
• Communication satellites provide reliable
  timely communications information around the
  world
• DSN - Deep Space Network
• consists of 3 deep space com complexes
• Provide continuous com for planetary spacecraft
  probing deep space

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Navigational Satellites

• First navigation satellite was Transit, developed
  to provide Polaris missile subs with accurate
  fixes
• NAVSTAR is the GPS (Global Positioning System)
• A constellation of navigation satellites and
  ground control facility

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NATURAL RESOURCE SATELlITES

• Locate natural resources monitor other
  conditions on the Earths surface
• LANDSAT series does this
• measures radiant energy
• monitors agricultural conditions
• aids urban planners in future development
  management of coastal resources

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Geostationary Orbits

• Orbit over the equator (0 degrees latitude)
• Longitude may vary
• Satellite orbits at the same speed as the
  rotation of the earth
• Therefore it remains over the same point on the
  earth

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Geostationary Orbits continued

• Keplers 3rd law says that the time it takes a
  satellite to orbit a point increases with
  altitude
• Low orbit objects (200-400 miles up) take 15 to
  16 orbits a day
• The moon approx 240,000 away takes about 30 days
  to make a complete rotation
• At 22,300 miles it takes one day to rotate
• So it rotates at the same speed as the earth and
  remains above the same spot on the earth

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Geostationary Orbits Continued

• Satellite TV satellites are geostationary
• Disadvantage is that far north locations have
  trouble seeing them

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Why Geostationary TV satellites are a problem in
the far north
Ea
Earth
Satellite
Not to scale
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GEOS

• Geostationary Operational Environmental
  Satellites (GEOS)
• Weather satellites

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Space Probes

• Satellites or spacecraft that either fly by,
  orbit or land on a celestial body other than
  earth
• They probe space
• Ranger - first to take photos of Moon
• Mariner series - probed Venus Mercury
• Pioneer probes - Jupiter Saturn
• Viking - Mars
• Voyager 1 2 - also Jupiter Saturn

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Satellite Systems

• A system is composed of all the elements that
  make the item work the sub-systems
• People
• Command control
• Propulsion
• Airframe
• Etc
• User defines the purpose requirement of the
  satellite

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Items dangerous to satellites

• Radiation
• Charged particles
• Solar flares
• Micrometeorites
• Space junk

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ORBITS

• An orbit is the path a satellite takes around a
  celestial body
• Copernicus - in 1400 developed a heliocentric
  theory of the universe
• He theorized that the universe revolved (orbited)
  around our sun
• He was wrong

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Johannes Kepler

• First Law - the orbit of a planet is an ellipse,
  with the sun at one of the foci
• Shape of ellipse can vary to include almost
  circular
• Applies to satellites orbiting earth

Sun
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Ellipse

abconstant
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Interesting property of Keplers 2nd Law
Apogee
Perigee

• Area a Area b
• Time it takes to sweep Area a time it takes
  to sweep Area b
• Satellite travels faster sweeping area b
• Velocity _at_ Perigee higher than _at_ Apogee

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Apogee Perigee
Earth
Apogee
Perigee
Satellite
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Gravity Centrifugal Forces

• Force of gravity is towards the center of the
  Earth
• To remain in orbit that force must be balanced by
  centrifugal force
• Centrifugal force provided by giving satellite
  escape velocity

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Activity One
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Chapter 2 - Manned Spacecraft

• After completing this chapter you should be able
  to
• List the manned space flight projects their
  missions
• Identify the American Russian joint manned
  spacecraft mission
• Describe the accomplishments of Alan Shepard
  Neil Armstrong
• State specific facts about the Hubble Space
  Telescope

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Important Terms

• Mercury - 1st USA manned space flight program
• Gemini - 1st 2 man spacecraft space walk
• Apollo - project that put man on moon
• Skylab - USA space lab
• Apollo-Soyuz - USA Soviet spacecraft link up
• Space Shuttle - Space Transportation System (STS)

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Project Mercury (6 Flights)

• First USA manned space flights
• Purpose was to investigate ability of man to
  function in space
• Original 7 astronauts
• Alan Shepard became the 1st American in space
  (Naval Aviator)
• John Glenn first American to orbit the Earth
  (Marine Aviator)

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Project Mercury
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Project Gemini (10 flights)

• 1st two man capsule
• 1st space walk
• Gathered enough data to convince scientists that
  space flight could safely last of for weeks or
  months

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Gemini in formation
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Gemini Recovery
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Project Apollo (11 flights)

• Mission - To put man on the moon
• Manned Apollo flights were numbers 7-17
• Apollo 7 - earth orbit
• Apollo 8 - 1st lunar orbit
• Apollo 11 - 1st landing on the Moon
• Neil Armstrong - 1st man to walk on moon
• Apollo 13 - failed to land on moon (not so lucky
  13)

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Apollo Command Module
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Apollo Lunar Lander
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Apollo on the Moon
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Neil Armstrong on the Moon
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Project Skylab

• Mission to put a laboratory in space
• 3 different crews manned it at different times
• Last mission lasted 84 days
• Main lesson was that humans could exist in space
  for at least 3 months

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Skylab on Launchpad
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Skylab in Orbit
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Skylab flyby
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Project Apollo-Soyuz

• Last manned space launch before Space Shuttle -
  July 1975
• Apollo and Soviet spacecraft Soyuz rendezvous and
  connect
• Soviet and American crews move back and forth
  between spacecraft

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Artist rendition of Apollo-Soyuz
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Soviet American Astronauts on Apollo-Soyuz
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Space Shuttle

• First reusable space vehicle
• First launch in 1981
• 5 vehicles produced to fly in space
• 2 have been lost, Challenger Columbia
• Has provided much space research
• Flew the European Space Agencys SPACELAB
• Deployed Hubble Space Telescope in 1990
• Because Hubble is beyond Earths atmosphere it
  provides incredible images

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Space Shuttle
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Soviet Space Program

• In 1957 launched 1st satellite, SPUTNIK, into
  space
• In 1961 put 1st man into space
• In 1963 put 1st woman into space
• In 1965 1st astronaut to walk in space
• MIR is largest Soviet space station and had
  longest longevity - Launched in 1986 and fell to
  Earth in 2001

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Chapter 3 - Living Working in Space

• After completing this chapter, you should be able
  to
• Describe Space station Alpha
• Explain the differences between Mir and Skylab
• Define Spacelab
• Recall the significance of Salyut 1
• Describe the living working conditions in space
• Describe the different space suits

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Important Terms

• Space Station Alpha - Current space station, a
  joint venture with USA, Europe, Canada, Japan
  Russia (Also called ISS - International Space
  Station)
• Mir - Russias space station of the 1980s
  1990s
• Salyut - Russias first space station
• Skylab - USAs first space station
• Spacelab - European Space Agencys 1st space
  station

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Space Stations

• Salyut 1 - In April 1971 Russians were 1st with a
  space station (7 in the Salyut series)
• Mir - next Russia space station (1986-2001)
• Skylab - USAs 1st (1973) proved man could live
  work in space for at least 3 months
• Spacelab - European Space Agencys lab inside the
  shuttle

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Soviet Space Station MIR
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Space Station Environment Including Shuttle

• Air is mixture of oxygen nitrogen - remember
  danger with 100 oxygen
• Comfortable temperature maintained
• Conduct research experiments
• Perform daily physical exercise

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Extravehicular Activities (EVA)

• Russian Aleksei Leonov did 1st EVA in March
  1965( 20 min)
• American Ed White was next in June 1965 (22 min)
• Since then many more and longer EVAs including
  moon walks
• Astronaut orbits at about 18,000 MPH

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Space Suits

• Evolved
• Started as pressure suits
• Gemini flights used light weight removable space
  suit
• Apollo moon suit more advanced
• Suits need to protect from high and low temps
  -256F to 248F

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Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU)

• First used in 1984
• Fits on back
• Enables astronaut to move around without being
  tied to the spacecraft for up to 6 hrs
• Move up to 300 ft from orbiter
• Nitrogen gas thrusters
• Redundant systems

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Later MMU
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Future in space

• Space Station Alpha (ISS) is now scheduled to be
  completed in 2010 when the shuttle will be
  retired
• Shuttle to be replaced by an Apollo type
  spacecraft called CEV - Crew Exploration Vehicle

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CEV landing on Earth
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After studying this module you should be able to

• Define a satellite
• Describe an orbit
• Define apogee and perigee
• Identify Sputnik
• Define a space probe
• describe the related parts that make up a
  satellite system

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Study objectives continued

• List the manned space flight projects their
  missions
• Identify the American Russian joint manned
  spacecraft mission
• Describe the accomplishments of Alan Shepard
  Neil Armstrong
• State specific facts about the Hubble Space
  Telescope

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Study objectives continued

• Describe Space station Alpha
• Explain the differences between Mir and Skylab
• Define Spacelab
• Recall the significance of Salyut 1
• Describe the living working conditions in space
• Describe the different space suits

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The End