NUINT04 - Italy - Panofsky Prize Talk - 2004 Arie Bodek, University of Rochester The Structure of the Nucleon 3.5 decades of investigation

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NUINT04 - Italy - Panofsky Prize Talk - 2004Arie
Bodek, University of RochesterThe Structure of
the Nucleon3.5 decades of investigation

• 1968-1980 Quarks (and gluons) -spin 1/2
  point like Constituents
  Electron-Nucleon Scattering - Friedman,
  Kendall, Taylor, Panofsky Prize 1989, Nobel
  Prize of 1990.
• A Detailed understanding of Nucleon Structure
  Required 3.5 Additional Decades of Experiments
  at Different Laboratories, New Detectors,
  Analysis Techniques and Theoretical Tools
• 1980-2004 LO QCD, anti-quarks, strange
  and charm quarks (hadronic charm production),
  individual PDFs , longitudinal structure
  function, quarks in nuclei , high statistics
  electron, muon and neutrino scattering
  experiments, NLO and NNLO QCD, origin of higher
  twist corrections, proton-antiproton collisions,
  W Asymmetry and d/u, Drell-Yan and Z rapidity
  distributions, application to neutrino
  oscillations, -
  Panofsky Prize 2004
• 2004-2010 Next generation NNLO QCD,
  Jefferson Lab Electron Scattering Experiments
  (JUPITER), MINERvA, Neutrino Superbeams. Neutrino
  Oscillations.

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• Particle Physics pre -1968 simplistic view
• Many different models for Hadron Structure.
• Quarks was considered more of a convenient way to
  model a symmetry rather than real particles
  (since none were ever observed and they had
  strange properties like 1/3 charge.
• Real Particle Physics were done at hardon
  machine where Resonances and new particles were
  being studied and discovered (spectroscopy, group
  theory, partial wave analysis, resonances, Regge
  poles etc.)
• Short Interlude quarks discovered in electron
  scattering
• Particle Physics post 1973 simplistic view
• J/psi-Charm and then Upsilon-Bottom discovered
• Real Particle Physics done at ee- or hadron
  machine where new charm and bottom mesons and
  hadrons are discovered and studied, but now they
  are made of quarks (spectroscopy, partial wave
  analysis, resonances etc.).
• Real Particle Physics done at ee- or hadron
  machine where new particles are NOT discovered
  (Supersymmetry, Lepto-quarks, Higgs, Heavy
  Leptons etc.

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Why do theorists like this experiment so much? -
Victor Weisskopf
Prelude SLAC MIT 1968-1974
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• 1968 - SLAC e-p scaling gt Point like Partons in
  the nucleon (Bjorken/Feyman)
• MIT-SLAC groupLed by Friedman, Kendall,
  Taylor.
• 1970-74 - Neutron/Proton ratio - Partons are
  quarks (Bodek PhD. MIT 1972)
• A. Bodek et al., COMPARISONS OF DEEP INELASTIC ep
  AND en CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.301087,1973
  . (SLAC Exp. E49)
• A. Bodek et al., THE RATIO OF DEEP - INELASTIC en
  TO ep CROSS-SECTIONS IN THE THRESHOLD REGION
  Phys.Lett.B51417,1974 (SLAC E87)
• A. Bodek, COMMENT ON THE EXTRACTION OF NUCLEON
  CROSS SECTIONS FROM DEUTERIUM DATA, Phys. Rev.
  D8, 2331 (1973).

N d d u sea 1/3 1/3
2/3 P u u d sea 2/3
2/3 1/3 Large x N/P -gt 0.25 Explained by valence
d/u (1/3) / (2/3)2 1/4 Small x N/P1
explained by sea quarks
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• R?L/ ? T (small) quark are spin 1/2
• E.M.Riordan PhD Thesis MIT 1973
• E.M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., EXTRACTION OF R
  ?L/?T FROM DEEP INELASTIC eP AND eD
  CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.33561,1974.
• A. Bodek et al., EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE
  NEUTRON AND PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE
  FUNCTIONS. Phys.Rev.D201471-1552,1979.

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• First observation of Scaling Violations SLAC
  -Higher Twist or QCD ?
• E. M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., TESTS OF
  SCALING OF THE PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE
  FUNCTIONS Phys.Lett.B52249,1974.

and A. Bodek et al.,. Phys.Rev.D201471-1552,1
979 Note much later we show Higher Twist
come from NNLO QCD see U. K. Yang, A. Bodek,
STUDIES OF HIGHER TWIST AND HIGHER ORDER EFFECTS
IN NLO AND NNLO QCD ANALYSIS OF LEPTON NUCLEON
SCATTERING DATA ON F2 AND R ?L/?T . Eur. Phys. J.
C13 (2000) 241 245.
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Integral of F2(x) did not add up to 1.0.
Missing momentum attributed to gluons.Like
Paulis missing energy in beta decay attributed
to neutrinosGluons were Discovered in 1970,
way before PETRA. Scatter shows F2(x, Q2) as
expected from bremstrahlung of gluons by struck
quarks in initial of final states.Scaling
violations from gluon emission discovered in
1973, way before PETRA
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• A Nobel Prize 1990 - Friedman, Kendall, Taylor
  for their pioneering investigations concerning
  deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons
  and bound neutrons, which have been of essential
  importance for the development of the quark model
  in particle physics."

Front row Richard Taylor, Jerome Friedman, Henry
Kendall. Second row Arie Bodek, David Coward,
Michael Riordan, Elliott Bloom, James Bjorken,
Roger (Les) Cottrell, Martin Breidenbach,
Gutherie Miller, Jurgen Drees, W.K.H. (Pief)
Panofsky, Luke Mo, William Atwood. Not pictured
Herbert (Hobey) DeStaebler Graduate students in
italics
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• E.M.Riordan PhD Thesis MIT 1973

Michael Riordan has been awarded the 2002 Andrew
Gemant Award by the American Institute of Physics
for "skillfully conveying the excitement and
drama of science and for clarifying important
scientific ideas through his many books, articles
and television programs."
One of the books that he wrote about the MIT-SLAC
program titled "The Hunting of the Quark," (Simon
Schuster) won the AIP's Science Writing Award
in 1988. Riordan wrote the "Hunting of the Quark"
while holding the position of Scientist in the
Department of Physics and Astronomy at Rochester
(1984-1987), during which time he worked with
Professor Arie Bodek's group on experiments E140
and E141 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center.
Riordan and Bodek at the 1990 Nobel Ceremony
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MIT SLAC DATA 1972 e.g. E0 4.5 and 6.5 GeV

• The electron scattering data in the Resonance
  Region is the Frank Hertz Experiment of the
  Proton. The Deep Inelastic Region is the
  Rutherford Experiment of the proton
• V. Weisskopf (former faculty member at
  Rochester and MIT) when he showed these data at
  an MIT Colloquium in 1971 ( died April 2002 at
  age 93)

• e-P scattering A. Bodek PhD thesis 1972
• PRD 20, 1471(1979) Proton Data
• Electron Energy 4.5, 6.5 GeV Data

What do The Frank Hertz and Rutherford
Experiment of the proton have in common? A
Quarks! And QCD
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"Physics is generally paced by technology and
not by the physical laws. We always seem to ask
more questions than we have tools to
answer. Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky

• Questions in 1980-2004 LO QCD, anti-quarks,
  strange and charm quarks (hadronic charm
  production), individual PDFs , longitudinal
  structure function, quarks in nuclei , high
  statistics electron, muon and neutrino scattering
  experiments, NLO and NNLO QCD, origin of higher
  twist corrections, proton-antiproton collisions,
  W Asymmetry and d/u, Drell-Yan and Z rapidity
  distributions, application to neutrino
  oscillations, -
• A Detailed understanding of Nucleon Structure
  Required 35 additional years of Experiments at
  Different Laboratories, New Detectors, Analysis
  Techniques and Theoretical Tools - AND also
  sorting out which experiments are right and which
  experiments are wrong
• Panofsky Prize 2004 "For broad, sustained, and
  insightful contributions to elucidating the
  structure of the nucleon, using a wide variety of
  probes, tools and methods at many laboratories."

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• Time Line Several Parallel Program
  over 35 years
• Electron scattering e-P, e-N, e-A
• Electron Scatt. SLAC-MIT SLAC E49,
  E87more(1967-1973) A --------- D
• Electron Scatt. SLAC E139, E140, E140x,E141, NE8
  (1983-1993) D
• New Electron Scatt. JUPITER Expt at Jefferson Lab
  (2004-now G)
• Hadron Expt. p-Fe, pion-Fe and p-pbar, p-p
  colliders
• E379/E595 Hadronic Charm Production at Fermilab
  (1974-1983) B
• CDF proton-antiproton Expt at Fermilab
  (1988---E----now)
• CMS Experiment at CERN LHC
  (1995-----now)
• Development of segmented tile-fiber and
  strip-fiber calorimetry ( 1990--------2004)
• Neutrino Experiments
• The CCFR-NuTeV Neutrino Expt at Fermilab
  (1974------- C-------2004)
• New MINERvA Neutrino Expt at Fermilab
  (2004-now G)
• Phenomenology (1999-F-now)
• ee- Experiments
• The AMY ee- Collaboration at TRISTAN/KEK JAPAN
  (1982-1990) skip
• A lot of fun, but mostly unrelated to nucleon
  structure except measurement of ?S

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• I would like to thank all of my collaborators
  over the past 3.5 decades
• The Electron Scattering SLAC-MIT collaboration at
  SLAC End Station A (E49, E87) with Kendall,
  Friedman, Taylor, Coward, Breidenbach, Riordan,
  Elias, Atwood others
• The Electron Scattering E139, E140, E140x, NE8
  collaboration at SLAC ESA/ NPAS injector at SLAC
  (with Rock, Arnold, Bosted, Phillipone, Giokaris
  others)
• The E379/E595 Hadronic Charm with Barish,
  Wojcicki, Merrit. Fisk, Shaevitz others)
  Production collaboration at Fermilab lab E
  
• The AMY ee- Collaboration at TRISTAN/KEK (with
  Steve Olsen others)
• The CCFR-NuTeV Neutrino Collaboration at Fermilab
  Lab E (with Barish,
  Sciulli, Shaevitz, Fisk, Smith,Merritt,
  Bernstein, McFarland and others)
• The CDF proton-antiproton Collaboration at
  Fermilab
• And in particular I thank the graduate students
  and
• postdocs over the years, and Rochester Senior
  Scientists -- Budd, deBarbaro Sakumoto.
• I am also looking forward ƒor more progress to
  be made with my new collaborators at the
  CMS-LHC experiment, The New Electron
  Scattering JUPITER Collaboration at Jefferson
  Lab,the new MINERvA Neutrino Collaboration
• at Fermilab (McFarland, Morfin, Keppel, Manly),

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B Hadronic Charm Production - Lab E Fermilab
E379/E595 Single muons from charm, dimuons from
Drell-Yan, vary target density to determine rate
of muons from pion decays (1974-1983)
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• Charm Quarks in the Nucleon
• Rochester-Stanford-Caltech-Fermilab -
• Chicago Collaboration Lab E (with Barry
  Barish,
• Frank Merritt, H.E. Fisk and Stan Wojcicki)
• Jack L. Ritchie, HADRONIC CHARM PRODUCTION BY
• PROTONS AND PIONS ON IRON. UR-861 (1983)
• Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester). Dexter Prize, U of
  Rochester -
• Now Professor at UT Austin
• A. Bodek et al., A STUDY OF THE FORWARD
  PRODUCTION OF CHARM PARTICLE PAIRS IN P-FE AND
  PI- FE INTERACTIONS Phys. Lett. B 11377,1982
  (Fermilab Experiment E595, A. Bodek Spokesperson)
• Hadronic Charm Production is about 20 mb.
  Distribution is peaked at small Feynman x and is
  dominated by quark-quark and gluon-gluon
  processes. No Intrinsic Charm quarks in the
  nucleon - in contradiction with previously WRONG
  results reported by experiments at ISR

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C Strange Quarks in the Nucleon -
Caltech-Fermilab -Later- CCFR (Columbia
-Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and -Later- NuTeV
Neutrino Collaborations at Fermilab LAB E.
Dimuon event
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• Strange Quarks in the Nucleon -
  (Caltech-Fermilab, later CCFR Columbia
  -Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and NuTeV Neutrino
  Collaborations at Fermilab
• Karol Lang, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF
• DIMUONS PRODUCED IN HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO
• INTERACTIONS. UR-908 (1985) Ph.D. Thesis
  (Rochester)
• Now Professor at UT Austin
• K. Lang et al.(CCFR-Rochester PhD), NEUTRINO
  PRODUCTION
• OF DIMUONS. Z.Phys.C33483,1987 (leading order
  analysis)
• A.O. Bazarko et al., (CCFR-Columbia PhD)
  DETERMINATION OF THE STRANGE QUARK CONTENT OF THE
  NUCLEON FROM A NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER QCD ANALYSIS
  OF NEUTRINO CHARM PRODUCTION. Z.Phys.C65189-198,1
  995
• M. Goncharov et al. (NuTeV K.State PhD). PRECISE
  MEASUREMENT OF DIMUON PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTIONS
  IN MUON NEUTRINO FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO FE
  DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT THE TEVATRON.
  Phys.Rev.D64112006,2001
• The Strange Sea Anti-quarks are about 1/2 of the
  average of u and d sea - not SU3 Symmetric.

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H. Kim (Columbia PhD) et al. D.Harris et. al.,
(CCFR) MEASUREMENT OF ?S (Q2) FROM THE GROSS-
LLEWELLYN SMITH SUM RULE. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81
(1998) 3595-3598
W.G. Seligman et al. (CCFR Columbia PhD),
IMPROVED DETERMINATION OF ?S FROM NEUTRINO
NUCLEON SCATTERING. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997)
1213-1216.
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H. Kim (CCFR Columbia PhD) D.Harris (Rochester)
et. al. MEASUREMENT OF ?S (Q2) FROM THE GROSS-
LLEWELLYN SMITH SUM RULE. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81,
3595 (1998)
W.G. Seligman et al. (CCFR Columbia PhD),
IMPROVED DETERMINATION OF ?S FROM NEUTRINO
NUCLEON SCATTERING. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1213
(1997)
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Precision Neutrino Experiments CCFR/NuTeV Un Ki
Yang UR-1583,2000 Ph.D. Thesis, (Rochester)
Lobkowicz Prize, U of R URA Best Thesis Award
Fermilab 2001 (now at Univ. of Chicago) Un-Ki
Yang et al.. MEASUREMENTS OF F2 AND XF3 FROM
CCFR MUON NEUTRINO-FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO-FE
DATA IN A PHYSICS MODEL INDEPENDENT WAY. By
CCFR/NuTeV Phys.Rev.Lett.86, 2742,2001
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Neutrino Experiments REQUIRE good Hadron
Calorimetry and Muon Energy calibration (0.3)
10 cm Fe Sampling, NuTeV simultaneous neutrino
running and hadron and muon test beams D.A.
Harris (Rochester), J. Yu et al NuTeV PRECISION
CALIBRATION OF THE NUTEV CALORIMETER. UR-1561
Nucl. Inst. Meth. A447 (2000) W.K. Sakumoto
(Rochester), et al. CCFR CALIBRATION OF THE CCFR
TARGET CALORIMETER.Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A294179-19
2,1990. CCFR Developed Fe-scintillator
compensating calorimeter. 3mx3m large counters
with wavelength shifting readout
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A lot of other physics (not related to nucleon
structure) was investigated in the lab E E595
hadron program and the Lab E CCFR/NuTeV Neutrino
Program --- a few examples

• Some discoveries and precise measurements e.g.
• Neutral Currents and electroweak mixing angle,
  Trimuons (CCFR/NuTeV)
• And also searches and limits Jack L. Ritchie UR
  PhD1983
• Limits on Dzero to Dzero-bar mixing (E595 -1982)
• Search for inclusive oscillations of muon
  neutrinos
• - Ian Stockdale, Rochester PhD
  Thesis CCFR-1982
• Search for New Heavy Leptons CCFR -1990
• Pawel de Barbaro, Rochester PhD Thesis 1990
• Search for exclusive oscillations of muon
  neutrinos to electron neutrinos-NuTeV
• Sergei Avvakumov,
• Rochester PhD Thesis 2002

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• D Quark Distributions in Nuclei - Parallel
  Program at SLAC
• Bodek, EMPTY TARGET SUBTRACTIONS AND RADIATIVE
  CORRECTIONS IN ELECTRON SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS,
  Nucl. Inst. Meth. 109 (1973). - factor of 6
  increase in rate of empty target data by making
  empty target same radiation length as H2 and D2
  targets - used in SLAC E87 - more payoff later
• A. Bodek, J.L. Ritchie, FERMI MOTION EFFECTS IN
  DEEP INELASTIC LEPTON SCATTERING FROM NUCLEAR
  TARGETS, Phys.Rev.D231070,1981
  Phys.Rev.D241400,1981.
• Bodek et al., ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM NUCLEAR
  TARGETS AND QUARK DISTRIBUTIONS IN NUCLEI.
  Phys.Rev.Lett.501431,1983..
• - Use Empty Target Data from SLAC E87 (1972)
• Bodek et al., A COMPARISON OF THE DEEP INELASTIC
  STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS OF DEUTERIUM AND ALUMINUM
  NUCLEI. Phys.Rev.Lett.51534,1983.
• Use empty target data from SLAC E49B (1970)

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• Quark Distributions in Nuclei A. Bodek et al
  Phys.Rev.Lett.51534, 1983 (SLAC Expt. E49, E87
  empty tgt data 1970,1972)

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D Back to SLAC using High Energy Beam and the
Nuclear Physics Injector NPAS - SLAC E139, E140,
E140x, E141, NE8 R.G. Arnold et al.,
MEASUREMENTS OF THE A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP
INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM NUCLEI
Phys. Rev. Lett.52727,1984 (initial results
incorrect by 1 since two photon external
radiative corrections for thick targets not
initially accounted for. Found out later in SLAC
E140) J. Gomez et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE
A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON
SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D494348-4372,1994.
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• SLAC E140, E140x - A. Bodek and S. Rock,
  Spokespersons. New Precision Measurement of R
  and F2, and Re-Analysis of all SLAC DIS data to
  obtain 1 precision. The issues
• (1) Precise Values and Kinematic dependence of R
  needed to extract F2 from all electron muon and
  neutrino experiments.
• (2) Precise normalization of F2 needed to
  establish normalization of PDFs for all DIS
  experiments to 1.
• Solution SLAC E140 - New hardware, new
  theoretical tools.
• Upgrade Cereknov Counter for ESA 8 GeV
  spectrometer - N2 with wavelength shifter on
  phototube
• Upgrade Shower Counter (new segmented lead glass)
  
• Upgraded tracking (wire chamber instead of
  scintillator)
• Upgraded Radiative Corrections - Improved
  treatment using Bardin, Complete Mo-Tsai, test
  with different r.l. targets
• Cross normalize all previous SLAC experiment to
  SLAC E140 by taking data in overlap regions.

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Sridhara Rao Dasu, PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF X, Q2
AND A-DEPENDENCE OF R ?L/?T AND F2 IN DEEP
INELASTIC SCATTERING. UR-1059 (Apr 1988) . Ph.D.
Thesis. (Rochester) SLAC E140 - winner of the
Dexter Prize U of Rochester 1988 (now Professor a
U. Wisconsin, Madison) S. Dasu (Rochester PhD
)et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFERENCE IN R
?L/?T, and ?A/?D IN DEEP INELASTIC ed, eFE AND
eAu SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.Lett.602591,1988 S.
Dasu et al., PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R ?L/?T
AND F2 IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING.
Phys.Rev.Lett.611061,1988 S. Dasu et al.,
MEASUREMENT OF KINEMATIC AND NUCLEAR DEPENDENCE
OF R ?L/?T IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON
SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D495641-5670,1994. L.H.
Tao, C. Keppel (American U PhDs) et al.,
PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R ?L/?T ON HYDROGEN,
DEUTERIUM AND BERYLLIUM TARGETS IN DEEP
INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING.
Z.Phys.C70387,1996 L.W. Whitlow (Stanford
PhD), et al. , A PRECISE EXTRACTION OF R ?L/?T
FROM A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP
INELASTIC ep AND ed SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS.
Phys.Lett.B250193-198,1990. L.W. Whitlow, et.
al., PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE PROTON AND
DEUTERON STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS FROM A GLOBAL
ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON
SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Lett.B282475-48
2,1992.
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Provided normalization and shape at lower Q2 for
all DIS experiments
31
SLAC E140 and the combined SLAC re-analysis
provided the first precise values and kinematic
dependence of R for use by all DIS experiments to
extract F2 from differential cross section data
32
E Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are
actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons)
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Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are
actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons)
This is why it is important to know the nuclear
corrections for PDFs extracted from nucleons
bound in Fe (neutrino) or in D2 (d versus u),
when the PDFs are used to extract information
from collider data In 1994 uncertainties in d/u
from deuteron binding effects resulted in an
error in the W mass extracted from CDF data of
order 75 MeV. By the introduction of new
techniques, one can use CDF data to provide
independent constraints on free nucleon PDFs. A.
Bodek, CONSTRAINTS ON PDFS FROM W AND Z RAPIDITY
DISTRIBUTIONS AT CDF. Nucl. Phys. B, Proc.
Suppl. 79 (1999) 136-138. In Zeuthen 1999, Deep
inelastic scattering and QCD 136-138.
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Need to measure the W Asymmetry at high rapidity
where there is no central tracking
37
Qun Fan, Arie Bodek, A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR
DETERMINING CHARGE AND MOMENTUM OF ELECTRONS AND
POSITRONS USING CALORIMETRY AND SILICON TRACKING.
In Frascati 1996, Calorimetry in HEP553- 560
Use silicon vertex detector to extrapolate
electron track to the forward shower counters.
Compare the extrapolated location to the centroid
of the EM shower in a segmented shower counter.
Energy of electron determined by the shower
counter, Sign is determined by investigating if
the shower centeroid is to the left or right of
the extrapolated track,
All hadron collider physics (Tevatron, LHC) with
electrons and positrons can be done better
without a central tracker . No Track misID Need
Just silicon tracking and segmented EM HAD
calorimetry
38
The d/u ratio in standard PDFs found to be
incorrect. Now all new PDF fits include CDF W
Asymmetry as a constraint. PDF error on W mass
reduced to 10 MeV by using current CDF data.
39
Proton-antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions-Measureme
nt of d/u in the proton by using the W- Asymmetry
Mark Dickson, THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON
DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. (1994)
Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester). (now at MIT Lincoln
Labs) Abe et al. (CDF-article on Rochester PhD
Thesis) THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS
PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV.
Phys.Rev.Lett.74850-854,1995 Qun Fan, A
MEASUREMENT OF THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W DECAYS
PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. Ph.D.Thesis
(Rochester) (now at KLA-Tenor) Abe et al. (CDF
article on Rochester PhD Thesis), A MEASUREMENT
OF THE LEPTON CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS
PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS.
Phys.Rev.Lett.815754-5759,1998.
40
With this new technique, one can also
significantly reduce the QCD background for very
forward Z Bosons. Jinbo Liu, Measurement of d?
/dy for Drell-Yan ee Pairs in the Z Boson Region
Produced in Proton Anti-proton Collisions at 1.8
TeV. UR-1606, 2000 - Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester).
(now at Lucent Technologies) T. Affolder et al.
(CDF- article on Rochester PhD Thesis),
MEASUREMENT OF d? / dY FOR HIGH MASS DRELL-YAN
E E- PAIRS FROM P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV.
Phys.Rev.D63011101,2001.
NLO QCD describes Z -y distributions better than
LO QCD
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Knowledge of high x PDF is used as input to
searches for new Z bosons in high-mass Drell-Yan
cross sections and Forward-Backward Asymmetry
(another use of forward tracking of
electrons) Arie Bodek and Ulrich Baur
IMPLICATIONS OF A 300-GEV/C TO 500-GEV/C Z-PRIME
BOSON ON P ANTIP COLLIDER DATA AT 1.8-TEV.
Eur.Phys.J.C21607-611,2001 . T. Affolder et
al.(CDF) Measurement of d? / dM and forward
backward charge asymmetry for high mass Drell-Yan
e e- pairs from p anti-p collisions at 1.8-TeV.
Phys.Rev.Lett.87131802,2001
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Manoj Kumar Pillai, A SEARCH FOR NEW GAUGE
BOSONS IN ANTI-P P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV at CDF
(1996). Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester) Abe et al.,(CDF)
LIMITS ON QUARK - LEPTON COMPOSITENESS SCALES
FROM DILEPTONS PRODUCED IN 1.8-TEV P ANTI-P
COLLISIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.792198-2203,1997.
Abe et al. (CDF), MEASUREMENT OF Z0 AND
DRELL-YAN PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION USING DIMUONS
IN ANTI-P P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV.
Phys.Rev.D59052002,1999 Abe et al.(CDF)SEARCH
FOR NEW GAUGE BOSONS DECAYING INTO DILEPTONS IN
ANTI-P P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV.
Phys.Rev.Lett.792192-2197,1997
Knowing level of PDFs at High x Allows us to
search for New Physics In High Mass Drell Yan
Events
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Expected CDF Run II 2 fm-1 Drell Yan Mass
Distribution Need even better PDFs
Expected W Asymmetry 2 fm-1 CDF Rochester PhD
Thesis (in progress) Geum Bong Yu
Expected Z Rapidity 2 fm-1 CDF Rochester PhD
Thesis (in progress) Ji Yeon Han
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F Phenomenology PUTTING it ALL TOGETHER The
Great Triumph of NNLO QCD Origin of Higher Twist
Effects, d/u and PDFs at large X PARTON
DISTRIBUTIONS, D/U, AND HIGHER TWIST EFFECTS AT
HIGH X. Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek Phys.Rev.Lett.8224
67-2470,1999 . STUDIES OF HIGHER TWIST AND
HIGHER ORDER EFFECTS IN NLO AND NNLO QCD ANALYSIS
OF LEPTON NUCLEON SCATTERING DATA ON F(2) AND R
?(L) / ?(T). By Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek .
Eur.Phys.J.C13241-245,2000 NNLO QCD target
mass corrections describes all of DIS data for
Q2gt1 GeV2 with NO Need for Higher Twists. GREAT
TRIUMPH for QCD . Most of what was called low Q2
higher Twist are accounted for by higher order
QCD.
45
NNLO QCDTM black Great Triumph of NNLO QCD Un-Ki
Yang, A. Bodek . Eur.Phys.J.C13241-245,2000
NNLO QCDTgt Mass works very well for Q2gt1 GeV2
Size of the higher twist effect with NNLO
analysis is really small (but not 0) a2
-0.009 (in NNLO) versus 0.1( in NLO) - gt
factor of 10 smaller, a4 nonzero
46
F2, R comparison of NLO QCDTMHT black (Q2gt1)
(use QCD Renormalons forHT vs NLO QCDTM only
green Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek Phys.Rev.Lett.822467-
2470,1999
NLO QCD Target Mass Renormalon HT works. ALSO
a GREAT QCD TRIUMPH
PDFs and QCD in NLO TM QCD Renormalon Model
for Dynamic HTdescribe the F2 and R data very
well, with only 2 parameters. Dynamic HT effects
are there but small
47
Great Triumph of NNLO QCD Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek .
Eur.Phys.J.C13241-245,2000
For High Statitics Hardon Collider Physics (run
II, LHC), the next step is to extract NNLO PDFs.
So declare victory and let theorists and PDF
Professionals (MRST and CTEQ) make progress
towards the next generation NNLO PDF fits for
Tevatron and LHC
48
For Tevatron and Run II, the path to greater
precision is to perform NNLO QCD fits using both
Q2gt1 GeV2 DIS data and very high Q2 Tevatron
results. In contrast, for applications to
Neutrino Oscillations at Low Energy (down to
Q20) the best approach is to use a LO PDF
analysis (including a more sophisticated target
mass analysis) and include the missing QCD higher
order terms in the form of Empirical Higher Twist
Corrections. Reason For Q2gt1 both Current
Algebra exact sum rules (e.g. Adler sum rule) and
QCD sum rules (e.g. momentum sum rule) are
satisfied. This is why duality works in the
resonance region (so use NNLO QCD analysis) For
Q2lt1, QCD corrections diverge, and all QCD sum
rules (e.g momentum sum rule) break down, and
duality breaks down in the resonance region. In
contrast, Current Algebra Sum rules e,g, Adle sum
rule which is related to the Number of (U minus
D) Valence quarks) are valid.
49
Modified LO Pseudo NNLO approach for low
energiesApplications to Jlab and Neutrino
Oscillations

• Original approach (NNLO QCDTM) was to explain
  the non-perturbative QCD effects at low Q2, but
  now we reverse the approach Use LO PDFs and
  effective target mass and final state masses to
  account for initial target mass, final target
  mass, and missing higher orders

q
mfM (final state interaction)
PM
Resonance, higher twist, and TM
x w
Q2mf2O(mf2-mi2) A
Xbj Q2 /2 Mn
Mn (1(1Q2/n2) )1/2 B
A initial binding/target mass effect
plus higher order terms B final state mass mf2 ,
Dm2, and photo- production limit (Q2 0)
K factor to PDF, Q2/Q2C
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Applications to Neutrino Oscillations at Low
Energy MODELING DEEP INELASTIC CROSS-SECTIONS IN
THE FEW GEV REGION. . Bodek , U.K. Yang Presented
at 1st Workshop on Neutrino - Nucleus
Interactions in the Few GeV Region (NuInt01),
Tsukuba, Japan, 13-16 Dec 2001.
Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.11270-76,2002 e
hep-ex/0203009 HIGHER TWIST, XI(OMEGA) SCALING,
AND EFFECTIVE LO PDFS FOR LEPTON SCATTERING IN
THE FEW GEV REGION. A Bodek, U.K.
Yang Proceedings of 4th International NuFact '02
Workshop (Neutrino Factories Workshop on Neutrino
Factories, London, England, 1-6 Jul 2002.
J.Phys.G291899-1906,2003 MODELING NEUTRINO AND
ELECTRON SCATTERING INELASTIC CROSS- SECTIONS IN
THE FEW GEV REGION WITH EFFECTIVE LO PDFS IN
LEADING ORDER. A. Bodek, U.K. Yang . 2nd
International Workshop on Neutrino - Nucleus
Interactions in the Few GeV Region (NUINT 02),
Irvine, California, 12-15 Dec 2002.
Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. hep-ex/0308007 Invited
Article to be published in Annual Review of
Particle and Nuclear Science 2005
55
Work in Progress Now working on the axial
structure functions and next plan to work on
resonance fits. G Next JUPITER at Jlab
(Bodek,Keppel) will provided electron-Carbon
(also e-H and e-D and other nuclei such as e-Fe)
in resonance region. G Next MINERvA at FNAL
(McFarland, Morfin) will provide Neutrino-Carbon
data at low energies.
56
"Physics is generally paced by technology and not
by the physical laws. We always seem to ask more
questions than we have tools to answer. Wolfgang
K. H. Panofsky

• It is an honor to be associated with these
  previous Panofsky Prize Winners
• 2003 William Willis
• 2002 Kajita Takaaki, Masatoshi Koshiba and
  Yoji Totsuka
• 2001 Paul Grannis
• Martin Breidenbach
• 1999 Edward H. Thorndike
• 1998David Robert Nygren
• 1997 Henning Schroder and Yuri Zaitsev
• 1996 Gail G. Hanson and Roy F. Schwitters
• 1995 Frank J. Sciulli
• 1994 Thomas J. Devlin and Lee G Pondrom

1993 Robert B. Palmer, Nicholas P. Samios, and
Ralph P. Shutt 1992 Raymond Davis, Jr. and
Frederick Reines 1991 Gerson Goldhaber and
Francois Pierre 1990 Michael S. Witherell
1989 Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor, and
Jerome I. Friedman 1988 Charles Y. Prescott
57
Additional Slides
58
Kinematic Higher-Twist (target massTM) x TM
Q2/ Mn (1 (1Q2/n2 ) 1/2 ) Proton Mass can
be measured from the shape of low Q2 scaling
violations
Compare complete Target-Mass calculation to
simple rescaling in x TM

• The Target Mass Kinematic Higher Twist effects
  comes from the fact that the quarks are bound in
  the nucleon. They are important at low Q2 and
  high x. They involve change in the scaling
  variable from x to xTM and various kinematic
  factors and convolution integrals in terms of the
  PDFs for xF1, F2 and xF3
• Above x0.9, this effect is mostly explained by a
  simple rescaling in xTM.
• F2pQCDTM(x,Q2)
• F2pQCD(xTM?Q2)

Ratio F2 (pQCDTM)/F2pQCD
Q215 GeV2
59
Dynamic Higher Twist- Power Corrections- e.g.
Renormalon Model (sum up all of QCD higher order
terms)

• Use Renormalon QCD model of WebberDasgupta-
  Phys. Lett. B382, 272 (1996), Two parameters a2
  and a4. This model includes the (1/ Q2) and (1/
  Q4) terms from gluon radiation turning into
  virtual quark antiquark fermion loops (from the
  interacting quark only, the spectator quarks are
  not involved).
• F2 theory (x,Q2) F2 PQCDTM 1 D2 (x,Q2)
  D4 (x,Q2)
• D2 (x,Q2) (1/ Q2) a2 / q (x,Q2) times
  function of x,q2
• D4 (x,Q2) (1/ Q4) a4 times function of x)
  
• In this model, the higher twist effects are
  different for 2xF1, xF3 ,F2. With complicated x
  dependences which are defined by only two
  parameters a2 and a4 . (the D2 (x,Q2) term is
  the same for 2xF1 and , xF3 )
• Fit a2 and a4 to experimental data for F2 and
  RFL/2xF1.
• F2 data (x,Q2) F2 measured l d F2 syst
  ( 1 N ) c2 weighted by errors
• where N is the fitted normalization (within
  errors) and d F2 syst is the is the fitted
  correlated systematic error BCDMS (within
  errors).

q-qbar loops
60
Very high x F2 proton data (DIS resonance)(not
included in the original fits Q21. 5 to 25 GeV2)
Q2 25 GeV2 Ratio F2data/F2pQCD
F2 resonance Data versus F2pQCDTMHT
Q2 1. 5 GeV2
pQCD ONLY
Q2 3 GeV2
Q2 25 GeV2 Ratio F2data/ F2pQCDTM
pQCDTM
Q2 15 GeV2
Q2 9 GeV2
Q2 25 GeV2 Ratio F2data/F2pQCDTMHT
pQCDTMHT
Q2 25 GeV2
pQCDTMHT
x ????
x ????
Aw (w, Q2 ) will account for interactions with
spectator quarks

• NLO pQCD x TM higher twist describes very
  high x DIS F2 and resonance F2 data well.
  (duality works) Q21. 5 to 25 GeV2

61
Look at Q2 8, 15, 25 GeV2 very high x
data-backup slide
Ratio F2data/F2pQCDTMHT
Q2 9 GeV2

• Pion production threshold Aw (w, Q2 )
• Now Look at lower Q2 (8,15 vs 25) DIS and
  resonance data for the ratio of
• F2 data/( NLO pQCD TM HT
• High x ratio of F2 data to NLO pQCD TM HT
  parameters extracted from lower x data. These
  high x data were not included in the fit.
• The Very high x(0.9) region It is described by
  NLO pQCD (if target mass and higher twist effects
  are included) to better than 10

Q2 15 GeV2
Q2 25 GeV2
62
Initial quark mass m I and final mass ,mFm
bound in a proton of mass M Summary INCLUDE
quark initial Pt) Get x scaling (not xQ2/2Mn
)for a general parton Model
qq3,q0

• x Is the correct variable which is Invariant in
  any frame q3 and P in opposite directions

PF PF0,PF3,mFm
PF PI0,PI3,mI
P P0 P3,M
Special cases (1) Bjorken x, xBJQ2/2Mn?,? x,
-gt x ?For m F 2 m I 2 0 and High n2, (2)
Numerator m F 2 Slow Rescaling x as in charm
production (3) Denominator Target mass
term ???x? Nachtman Variable x Light Cone
Variable x Georgi Politzer Target Mass
var. (all the same x )

• Most General Case (Derivation in Appendix)
• ????????x w Q2 B / Mn (1(1Q2/n2)
  ) 1/2 A (with A0, B0)
• where 2Q2 Q2 m F 2 - m I 2 ( Q2m F 2
  - m I 2 ) 2 4Q2 (m I 2 P2t) 1/2
• Bodek-Yang Add B and A to account for effects
  of additional ? m2
• from NLO and NNLO (up to infinite order) QCD
  effects. For case x w with P2t 0
• see R. Barbieri et al Phys. Lett. 64B, 1717
  (1976) and Nucl. Phys. B117, 50 (1976)

63
http//web.pas.rochester.edu/icpark/MINERvA/
64
Correct for Nuclear Effects measured in e/muon
expt.
Comparison of Fe/D F2 data In resonance region
(JLAB) Versus DIS SLAC/NMC data In ?TM (C. Keppel
2002).
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