ANATOMY%20OF%20SAMPLING%20STUDIES%20OF%20ECOLOGICAL%20RESPONSES%20THROUGH%20TIME%20{on%20the%20web%20at%20http://www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart/anatomy/index.htm}

1
ANATOMY OF SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL
RESPONSES THROUGH TIMEon the web at
http//www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart
/anatomy/index.htm

• by
• N. Scott Urquhart
• Oregon State University, USA
• and
• Anthony R. Olsen
• US EPA

2
THE AUTHORS

• N. SCOTT URQUHART
• Trained in Statistics
• About 40 Years of Experience in Applications
• Worked With Ecologists in Desert, Arctic, Pacific
  Northwest
• Many Surveys with Rural Sociologists and Ag
  Economists
• Including 10 years with EPAs Environmental
  Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)
• ACADEMIC And AGENCY PLANT And ANIMAL
• ANTHONY (Tony) R. OLSEN
• Trained in Statistics
• 30 Years of Experience in Private and
  Government Applications
• Worked With Atmospheric Modelers And Air
  Pollution Field Scientists
• Survey Experience With Health Professionals And
  Large-scale National Resource Monitoring
• Now Statistical Lead with EPAs EMAP

3
EVOLUTION OF THE ANATOMY

• The first step in the development of the ANATOMY
  focused on experimental design situations.
• Served as the structure for several part-semester
  courses in advanced statistical methods at New
  Mexico State University
• Eventually published as
• Urquhart, N. S. (1981). Anatomy of a study.
  HortScience 16621-627.
• Experience with EMAP led to its expansion to
  surveys

4
TODAYS CONTEXT for SURVEYS

• EMAP-type Situations EMAP US EPAS
  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
  Program
• Estimate Status, Changes ... In
  Indicators
• Estimate Status, Changes, ... In Extent
• Describe Associations ...

5
Objective 1 Estimate the status, changes and
trends in selected indicators of the condition of
our Nation's ecological resources


on a regional scale
on a regional scale

with known confidence
with known confidence
17.6

10
6.8

31.8

6
8
43.8

12
(N258)
Source EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
6
Objective 2 Estimate the status, changes and
trends
in the extent and geographic coverage of our
Nation's
ecological resources on a regional scale with
known
confidence
Adir Adirondacks NEU New England Uplands
C/L/P Coast Lake Plains
Source EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
7



















Source EMAP Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment
8
WHO MUST COMMUNICATE

• Ecologists Other Biologists
• Statisticians
• Geographers
• Geographic Information Specialists (GIS)
• Information Managers
• Quality Assurance Personnel
• Managers, At Various Levels

9
SAMPLING

• A WORD OF MANY MEANINGS
• Statisticians Often Associate It With Survey
  Sampling
• An Ecologist May Associate It with the
  Selection of Local Sites or Material
• A Laboratory Scientist May Associate It With
  the Selection Of Material to be Analyzed
  from Material Supplied
• Common General Meaning, Varied Specific
  Meanings

10
THE SPECIAL NEED

• Communication Demands a Distinction Between
• The Local Process of Evaluating a Response,
  and
• The Statistical Selection of a Sampling Unit,
• For example,
• A LAKE
• A POINT ON A STEAM

11
THE SPECIAL NEED - continued

• The Terms
• Response Design
• Sampling Design or Survey Design
• Can Be Used to Make this Distinction
• But a Complex Ecological Survey Clearly
  Has More Parts Than These!

12
BASIC ROLES

• Survey Design Tells Us Where to Go to
  Collect Sample Information or Material
• Response Design Tells Us What to Do Once
  We Get There
• But These Two Components Exist in a Broader
  Context

13
AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION

• Monitoring Strategy
• Conceptual
• Impacted by Objectives
• Addressable Without Regard to the
  Inference Strategy
• Inference Strategy

14
AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION- continued

• Monitoring Strategy
• ..........
• Inference Strategy
• Places to Evaluate the Response the WHERE
• Relation Between Points Evaluated and the
  Population
• IE, the Basis for Inference

15
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• Monitoring Strategy
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• Inference Strategy
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

16
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

17
The MONITORING STRATEGY

• The MONITORING STRATEGY MUST RESPOND TO
• Monitoring Objectives
• State of Knowledge in Ecological Sciences
• Characteristics of Ecological Resource(s) of
  Interest
• EXPECTED FUNDING Compared To COSTS
• Operational Constraints

18
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

19
The UNIVERSE MODEL

• Reality (Universe) Ecological Entity
  Within a Defined Geographic Area to Be Monitored
• Model of the Universe
• Development of a Monitoring Approach Requires
  Construction of a Model for the Universe
• Elements Of The Universe Model Set of
  Entities Composing The Entire Universe

20
The UNIVERSE MODEL

• Population Description and Its
  Sampling Require Definition of the Units in
  the Population
• Discrete Units
• Lakes May Be Viewed This Way
• Continuous Structure in Space of
  Some Dimension
• 2-space forests or agroecosystems
• 1-space Streams
• 3-space Ground Water

21
THE MODEL FOR STREAMSStrahler Orders
Third Order
22
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

23
The STATISTICAL POPULATION

• The Collection of Units (as modeled) Over
  Some Region of Definition
• Spatial
• Temporal
• SPATIAL And TEMPORAL
• Population Definition Could Include Features
  Which Depend on Response Values
• EX acid sensitive streams at upper elevations

24
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

25
The DOMAIN Design

• Specifies Subpopulations or Domains of
  Special Interest
• May Specify Meaningful Comparisons
  Between Domains
• Similar to Planned Comparisons in Experimental
  Design Situations
• Domain Design May Depend on Response Values
• Ex Warm Versus Cold Water Lakes

26
The DOMAIN DESIGN - continued

• Specifies Subpopulations or Domains
  of Special Interest
• Determined From Defining Factors For The
  Monitoring Activity
• Must Have Critical Connection To Clients
• Other Domains May Be Used For Analysis,
  Without Having Been Used In Defining The
  Monitoring Strategy
• EX EMAP domains include ECOAREAS and
  STANDARD FEDERAL REGIONS

27
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

28
The RESPONSE Design

• The Response Design Specifies
• The Process Of Obtaining A Response
• At An Individual Element (Site)
• Of The Resource
• During A Single Monitoring Period
• Response What Will Be Determined On An
  Element
• Needs To Be Responsive to the Objectives of
  the Monitoring Activity

29
The RESPONSE Design - continued

• EMAP Responses Focus On Indicators of
• STRESS and
• Condition
• The Response Design Also Defines
• Plot Design
• Measurement Protocols
• Support Region area around the site where
  material is collected, or measurements are taken
• Data Reduction Protocols
• Calculation Of The Final Indicator Value for
  the Element

30
The RESPONSE Design- Continued

• For example, consider a response related to
  macroinvertebrates in streams
• RESPONSE proportion EPT (This is the
  proportion of collected macrobenthos
  organisms, mainly insects, which fall in the
  taxonomic classes of Ephemeroptera ,
  Plecoptera , or Trichoptera. Low values
  indicate polluted streams high values indicate
  rather pristine streams)

31
The RESPONSE Design - continued - 2

• ... response related to macrobenthos ...
• The COLLECTION UNITS could be 10 30cm x
  30cm areas, systematically organized, at the
  stream site, sampled with a Surber sampler
• The EVALUATION UNIT could be a jar containing
  the composite of all macroinvertebrate organisms
  collected at the 10 collection sites, or
• The EVALUATION UNIT also could be a jar
  containing a 1/6 subsample of the composite of
  macroinvertebrate organisms collected in the
  10 collection units.

32
The RESPONSE Design - continued - 3

• ... response related to macrobenthos ...
• The LABORATORY EVALUATION of the material
  would consist of determining and recording
  the taxa (like family, genus, or species) of
  each organism in the evaluation material
• The RESPONSE would be determined by
  computing the number of organisms in the
  evaluation material belonging to the E, P, T
  taxonomic classes, and dividing this by the
  number of organisms classified.

33
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

34
The INFERENCE STRATEGY

• Is The Basis For Scientific Inference
• Provides The Connection Between Objectives and
  the Monitoring Strategy
• Monitoring Strategy Usually Must Rely on
  Obtaining Information on a Subset Of All
  Possible Elements in the Universe
• Specifies Which Elements of the Universe Will
  Have Responses Determined on Them
• Can Be Based On Either ... (continued )

35
The INFERENCE STRATEGY(continued)

• ... Connection ...
• ... Subset ...
• ... Have Responses
• Can Be Based On Either
• Judgment Selection Of Units
• Inferential Validity Rests on Knowledge Of
  Relation Between the Universe And the Units
  Evaluated
• Probability Selection Of Units
• (The Focus Here)

36
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

37
The SURVEY Design

• Probability Based Survey Designs Are
  Considered Here
• May Be Somewhat Limited To Sedentary Resources
• Positive Features (As An
  Observational Study)
• Permit Clear Statistical Inference to
  Well-Defined Populations
• Measurements Often can be Made in Natural
  Settings, Giving Rise to Greater Realism
  Eventual Results

38
The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED

• Disadvantages
• Limited Control Over Values of Predictor
  Variables
• Restricts Causative Inference
• Usually Will Produce Inaccessible Sampling
  Points
• Good - For Inference
• Bad - For Logistics

39
The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED

• Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
• A Sampling Frame
• A way to identify elements in the population
• Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
  resources
• Example selecting vegetation sites along the
  Colorado River in the Grand Canyon

40
VIEW DOWN TRANSECT AT MILE 12.3
41
CLIFF AT MILE 135.2(PARTIAL HEIGHT)
42
The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED

• Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
• A Sampling Frame
• A way to identify elements in the population
• Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
  resources
• Example selecting vegetation sites along the
  Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
• Example Frame for selecting field sites on
  streams in the Western US

43
FRAME ERRORSTO BE DOCUMENTED SHORTLY

• Water Body Size
• Flow Status -- re Perennial
• Identified As Perennial, but not correct
• Wastes Effort Of Field Crews
• Identified as Non-perennial, but Really
  is Perennial
• Missed Resource
• Inaccurate Assessment

44
EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
45
EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
46
EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
47
The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED

• Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
• A Sampling Frame
• A way to identify elements in the population
• Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
  resources
• Example selecting vegetation sites along the
  Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
• Example Frame for selecting field sites on
  streams in the Western US
• May change over time
• As, for example, land use changes

48
SITE SELECTION

• Needs to Accommodate Realities Such As
• Frame Imperfection
• Frame Which Changes Over Time
• Sites nearly Uniform Over the Resource
• But with substantial randomization
• Supports Variable Probability of Selection
• Generalized Randomized Tessellation Stratified
  Sampling GRTS
• The topic of the next session

49
The EMAP SURVEY Design

• Assures Representation and Inference
  to Populations
• Adapted to Resource Characteristics
• Emphasizes Spatial Allocation of Samples
• Uses Two-phase Sampling Phase I
• Based on a Randomized Point Grid and
  Associated Areas

50
EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITES

• Mid-Appalachian Highlands Stream Pilot

51
(No Transcript)
52
EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITES

• Western Stream Pilot
• Non-perennial/perennial survey
• Survey of perennial streams

53
(No Transcript)
54
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

55
The TEMPORAL Design

• The TEMPORAL DESIGN specifies the pattern
  of revisits to sites selected by the Survey
  Design
• Sampled population units are partitioned into
  one (degenerate case) or more PANELS.
• Each population unit in the same panel has the
  same temporal pattern of revisits.
• Panel definition could be probabilistic or
  systematic
• Several temporal designs follow

56
TEMPORAL DESIGNROTATING PANEL
57
TEMPORAL DESIGNROTATING PANEL

• A ROTATING PANEL DESIGN IS THE TEMPORAL
  DESIGN USED BY THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
  STATISTICAL SERVICE (US - NASS)
• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
• IT IS FAIRLY WELL SUITED FOR ESTIMATION STATUS,
  BUT NOT NEARLY PARTICULARLY POWERFUL FOR
  DETECTING TREND OVER INTERMEDIATE TIME SPANS

58
TEMPORAL DESIGNSERIALLY ALTERNATING

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS UNCONNECTED IN
  THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE. THIS WAS THE
  TEMPORAL DESIGN INITIALLY PRESCRIBED FOR
  EMAP, BUT ...

59
TEMPORAL DESIGNAUGMENTED SERIALLY ALTERNATING

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE

60
TEMPORAL DESIGNPARTIALLY AUGMENTED SERIALLY
ALTERNATING

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE

61
TEMPORAL DESIGNSERIALLY ALTERNATINGWITH
CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
• BUT IT PROVIDES VISITS TO ONLY HALF AS MANY
  SITES AS THE BASE SERIALLY ALTERNATING DESIGN

62
TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH
CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE

63
TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
64
THE REVISIT SPLIT PANEL OF THE THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
65
TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN
  THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
• IT ALSO SUPPORTS ESTIMATION OF THE
  SITE by TIME PERIOD (SITE by YEAR)
  INTERACTION
• REVISITS TO ABOUT 10 OF SITES ALLOCATES
  ABOUT 30 OF RESOURCES TO REVISITS

66
TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS

• THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN
  THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
• IT ALSO SUPPORTS ESTIMATION OF THE SITE by
  TIME PERIOD (SITE by YEAR) INTERACTION
• WE WILL RETURN TO THIS MATTER AFTER WE
  CONSIDER THE QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN.
• REVISITS TO ABOUT 10 OF SITES ALLOCATES
  ABOUT 30 OF RESOURCES TO REVISITS

67
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• Universe Model
• Statistical Population
• Domain Design
• Response Design
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• Survey Design
• Temporal Design
• Quality Assurance Design

68
QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN

• Defines Those Activities Intended to Provide
  Data of Known Quality
• Blind duplicates
• Accepted chemical standards, Etc
• Can Provide Valid Estimates of the Variance
  of Pure Measurement Error

69
RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAP

• POPULATION LAKE or STREAM, for example
• YEAR -
• YEAR by SITE -
• CREW -
• SHORT TERM TEMPORAL - index window -
• PROTOCOL ERROR -
• MEASUREMENT ERROR -

70
RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAP

• WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ESTIMATE THESE?
• WHICH ONES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN RESIDUAL
  VARIANCE
• WHICH TREND MUST OVERCOME TO BE DEMONSTRATED?

71
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLING

• UNIVERSE MODEL (AS DISTINCT FROM THE
  UNIVERSE)
• NOT RELEVANT
• VIEWED AS A LIST
• POPULATION
• VERY SIMILAR, OTHER THAN DIFFERENCES
  IMPLICIT IN THE UNIVERSE MODEL

72
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued

• DOMAIN DESIGN
• USUALLY NOT EXPLICITLY ACKNOWLEDGED, BUT
  VIEWED AS PART OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
• RESPONSE DESIGN
• QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
• SOME ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEW PROTOCOLS
• SURVEY DESIGN
• RELATIVELY SIMILAR

73
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued - 2

• TEMPORAL DESIGN
• PRESENT, BUT
• MANY FINITE POPULATION SURVEYS ARE ONE-TIME
• MANY LARGE SURVEYS HAVE A TEMPORAL
  DIMENSION
• CHANGE USUALLY IS OF FAR MORE INTEREST THAN
  TREND
• SURVEY LITERATURE DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN
• GROSS CHANGE - follows units across time
• NET CHANGE - recognizes that change can occur
  in both the response and in who is in the
  population

74
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued - 3

• QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
• SURVEYS OF HUMANS (OR BUSINESSES, ETC) HAVE A
  VERY SIMILAR INTENT, BUT DETAILS DIFFER
  SUBSTANTIALLY
• SUPERVISION IN PHONE SURVEYS
• QUESTIONS TO CONFIRM RESPONDENT CONSISTENCY
• REINTERVIEWS and SIMILAR REEVALUATIONS

75
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE

• MONITORING STRATEGY
• UNIVERSE MODEL
• STATISTICAL POPULATION
• DOMAIN DESIGN
• RESPONSE DESIGN
• INFERENCE STRATEGY
• SURVEY DESIGN
• TEMPORAL DESIGN
• QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN

76
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION

• Links to various monitoring programs,
• To the programs site
• One to its methods, and
• One to a current report.
• As links change in an unpredictable fashion,
• The search words should provide a quick path
  to the current link.
• Speaker on this program representing that program

77
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• Adelaide Coastal Waters Study
• Program sitehttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/epa
  /acws.htmlhttp//www.clw.csiro.au/acws/ (more
  technical of the two)
• Current Reporthttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/e
  pa/pdfs/acwsnewsno5.pdf
• Methods http//www.clw.csiro.au/acws/IS1.html
• Search words adelaide coastal waters study
  acws au
• Speaker David Fox, University of Adelaide

78
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program (ABMP)
• Program site http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/
• Current Report http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/AnnualR
  eport2003.pdf
• Methods http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/ScienceProtocol
  s.htm
• Search words alberta biodiversity monitoring
  program abmp ca
• Speaker None, unfortunately

79
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
  (EMAP)
• Program site http//www.epa.gov/emap/
• Current Report http//www.epa.gov/maia/html/maha.
  html
• Methods http//www.epa.gov/emap/html/pubs/docs/g
  roupdocs/surfwatr/field/ws_abs.html
• Search words epa environmental monitoring
  assessment program emap epa
• Speaker here Tony Olsen

80
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)
• Program site http//fia.fs.fed.us/
• Current Report http//www.fs.fed.us/research/sust
  ain/ (for example)
• Methods http//fia.fs.fed.us/FIAProgramInformati
  on.htm (accessible at this link)
• Search words forest inventory analysis FIA USDA
  
• Speaker here Mike Williams

81
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS)
• Program site http//www.usda.gov/nass/
• Current Reports http//www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/cat
  alog2004.pdf
• Research http//www.nass.usda.gov/research/SERS
  .htm
• Search words national agricultural statistical
  service nass
• Speaker here Carol House

82
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• National Park Inventory and Monitoring Program
• Program site http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/in
  dex.htm
• Current Reports http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/
  reports.htm
• Methods http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/standar
  ds.htm
• Search words national park monitoring natural
  resources nps im
• Speaker here Steve Fancy

83
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• National Resources Inventory( NRI)
• Program sitehttp//www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/N
  RI/
• Current Reporthttp//www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical
  /land/nri02/
• Methodshttp//www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/nri
  /NusserandGoebel
• Search words national resources inventory
  web path nrcs to technical to NRI
• Speakers here Wayne Fuller Jeff Goebel

84
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)
• Program site http//wetlands.fws.gov/
• Current Reporthttp//training.fws.gov/library/Pu
  bs9/wetlands86-97_highres.pdf
• Methods documented in above report
• Search words national wetlands inventory
• Speaker here Tom Dahl

85
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)

• LEARNING MATERIALS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL
  SAMPLING
• (From a course at Oregon State University)
• ST571http//oregonstate.edu/instruct/stat/urquhar
  t/st571/index.htm