Chapter 7 Human Mobility

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Chapter 7 Human Mobility

• Activity Space - commuting everyday to work,
  school and other activities

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Type of movement -1

• Cyclic Movement - To Work, schools and other
  daily, football games, weekly or monthly
  activities A)Commuting by bike, walk, car,
  carpool, bus, train, boat and transit
  system(BART-Bay Area Rapid Transit) NYC Subway...

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Cyclic Movement

• B) Seasonal Movement- 1) regular -Winter vacation
  to Colorado skiing, Australia or Summer trip to
  Europe and Spring break to - Florida beach,
  Christmas and Thanksgiving break 2) irregular
  trips - salespersons trip

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Cyclic Movement

• C) Nomads- No specific destination, dependent
  upon the climate and seasonal change. They do
  have a base where they can return to. (Gypsies)

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Type of movement -2

• Periodic Movement- college students are away from
  home for 9 months, military personnel and their
  families, migrant laborers and their families who
  cant choose where they want to live.
• Transbumance - pastoral farming - responding to
  the seasonal availability of pastures

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Figure 7-1 Human Migrations in Modern Times
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Permanent Relocation -1

• European Emigration - the greatest human
  migrations in recent centuries - from Europe to
  Americas. 75 million migrated be/w 1835 and 1935

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Permanent Relocation -2

• African Forced Migration
• First in Caribbean, during 16th century, then
• In 17th century, small numbers on the
  plantations arrived in coastal eastern N.
  Americas - first in this country
• West Africa was exploided

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Permanent Relocation -3

• African Forced Migration
• taken from Benin to Bahia (Brazil)
• Equatorial African coastal regions
• Arabian raided East Africa and Horn
• Damage on African societies and communities and
  the cultural and ethnic geography of Brazil,
  Middle America and US.

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Internal and External Migrations

• Natural Barriers - in the past
• Political Barriers - most diff.
• External Migration changes countrys society,
  economics and politics.
• Turks in Germany, Algerians other N Africans in
  France
• Uncertainties - Policies changed to affect the
  permanency of immigrants in many countries.

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External Migration

• Other than African to Americas
• - British 1) brought Indian labor to Natal, S.
  Africa and E. Africa and greatly changed ethnic
  mosaic of E. Africa. (Asian entrepreneurs
  followed)
• 2) took Indian to Caribbean countries
• - Dutch brought Javanese to Suriname
• Chinese minorities to Southeast countries, mostly
  in urban and engage in trade, commerce and finance

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Figure 7-2 Chinese in Southeast Asia
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Jewish migration to Israel

• Started with fewer than 50,000 Jewish in
  Palestine.
• UK encouraged the immigration from Europe to
  Palestine from 1919 to 1948. 750,000 ended up
  there. Independence of Israel (5/14/1948) -
  caused another migration stream - 600,000
  Palestinian Arabs were displaced to neighboring
  countries.

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Figure 7-3A Jewish Refugees and Immigrants from
Europe and Elsewhere, 1948
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Postwar Movements

• After WWII - 15 millions Germans from East to
  West
• Eight millions to N. or S. Americas
• Now, they need labor - N African to France and
  Turkey to Germany

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Effects of European Unification

• 1992, EU created greater opportunities for
  inter-European migration.
• S Italy (Mezzogiorno region) became N-Africanized
• Case in Algeria.

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Migration to N. America

• Cuban established its culture in Florida
• Mexican immigration
• Asian immigrants

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Figure 7-4 Legal Immigration from Middle and
South America to the US
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Internal Migrations

• Eastward migration in Russia
• a)Started during the last decades of the Czarist
  period in Russia
• b) Became Soviet policy in the 1920s
• c) Rapid growth continued until the break-up of
  the Soviet Union
• d) Today, long term trends have been interrupted
  by breakdown of order
• e) Still one of the great long-term internal
  migrations (Figure 7-1, flow 8)

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Internal Migration - China

• a)Industrialization moved people to the Northeast
  (formerly Manchuria)
• b)Workers encouraged by the government to move
• c) Today, China's industrial focus lies on its
  eastern and southern Pacific coast
• d)Huge numbers of people are moving to this new
  area of opportunity

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US Internal Migration

• US - two historical internal movement 1) westward
  - pop as a whole 2)northward- African Americans
  moved from rural south to urban north. (10
  outside of the South -1930s, now 50)
• Recent decades - Southward and still westward
  movement
• After 1960, US Pop center moved west and
  south-ward (fig 7-5)
• Northeast and Midwest lose population to West and
  South (Table 7-2)

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African Americans in US

• 80 of African Americans in South living in rural
  areas, compared to
• gt 90 in urban in North
• During 1970s, Returning to South gt Moving to
  North, due to
• 1) changed civil right condition
• 2) No more North/West urban dream
• 3) More job opportunities in South
• Rural South - gt Urban South (Left South Rural for
  North Urban, then returned from North Urban to
  South Urban

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Figure 7-6 Distribution of African-American
Population
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Controlling Migration

• A. A hot issue today, but nothing new
• 1. Right-wing political parties whip up
  anti-immigrant sentiment
• 2. Hong Kong authorities are criticized for
  sending Vietnamese "boat people" home
• 3. California is demanding federal help for
  illegal immigrants from Mexico
• 4. In Cuba, Castro has threatened to open the
  doors to a flood of emigrants
• 5. China's Great Wall built to keep people in and
  out

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Controlling Migration - Legal Restrictions 1

• 1. In the United StatesOriental Exclusion Acts
  (18821907) were designed to restrict the
  immigration of Chinese people to California
• 2. Australia Immigration Restriction Act of 1901
  terminated all nonwhite immigration
• 3. In the United Statesrestrictive legislation
  affecting Europeans was passed in 1921
• 4. In the United Statesthe National Origins Law
  took effect in 1929
• a) Sustained the limit of 150,000 immigrants per
  year
• b) Had the effect of preventing the immigration
  of Asians

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Legal Restrictions 2

• 5. After 1940 U.S. restrictions on immigration
  were modified
• 6. The law was modified in 1952
• 7. Many immigrants enter the United States as
  refugees
• 8. In 1965, the United States quota system was
  abolished
• 9. Other countries also have immigration laws
  many practice selective immigration

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Age and Race of Male Immigrants in the US,
1980-90 Click here to view graph
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Age and Race of Female Immigrants in the US,
1980-90 Click here to view graph
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Voting Behavior
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American Dream