Andrew W' Young David Perrett Andrew Calder Reiner Sprengelmeyer Paul Ekman ________________________

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Andrew W. YoungDavid PerrettAndrew
CalderReiner SprengelmeyerPaul
Ekman____________________________________________
__
F a c i a l E x p r e s s i o n s o f E m o t
i o n S t i m u l i a n d T e s t s (F E E S
T)______________________________________________
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B a c k g r o u n d_________________

• The ability to interpret the moods and feelings
  of other people is an important social skill.
  Misinterpretation of affect can lead to
  misunderstanding and inappropriate social
  behaviour.
• The F E E S T makes available a range of
  high-quality materials for investigating
  recognition of facial expressions of emotion.

The Figures used in this PowerPoint presentation
are for illustration only. They are of reduced
quality compared to the stimuli supplied to
purchasers of F E E S T.
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A b o u t t h e F E E S T______________________
_

• The F E E S T is supplied on a CD-ROM suitable
  for PC or Macintosh. It includes standard tasks
  with data for comparison groups and supplementary
  stimuli which can be used to create new tests and
  experiments.
• The F E E S T includes examples of the six
  basic emotions from the Ekman and Friesen (1976)
  series of Pictures of Facial Affect (anger,
  disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise)
  and neutral expressions.
• Computer-morphing and computer-caricaturing
  procedures are used to create continua varying
  from one expression to another, or differing in
  intensity.
• The F E E S T has a wide range of clinical and
  research applications, including uses in
  neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry, experimental
  psychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

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A b o u t t h e a u t h o r s
_________________________

• The authors have extensive experience of research
  in face perception, neuropsychology, and facial
  expression recognition.
• For further information, see
• Andy Young - University of York, England
• http//www-users.york.ac.uk/awy1/AndyYoung.html
• David Perrett - University of St. Andrews,
  Scotland
• http//psy.st-and.ac.uk/people/lect/dp.shtml
• Andy Calder - MRC CBU, Cambridge, England
• http//www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/personal/andy.calder
  /
• Reiner Sprengelmeyer - University of St.
  Andrews, Scotland
• http//psy.st-and.ac.uk/people/lect/rhs3.shtml
• Paul Ekman - University of California, USA
• http//www.paulekman.com/

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M a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e F E E S T
______________________________________

• The F E E S T facial expression recognition
  tests - two tests of recognition of facial
  expressions, with software to present the tests
  and record responses.
• The F E E S T stimuli - more than 1,000 images
  of facial expressions that can be used to create
  new tests and experiments for studies of facial
  expression recognition.
• The F E E S T manuals - these explain how to
  use the tests, stimuli and software supplied with
  the CD-ROM.

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T h e F E E S T f a c i a l e x p r e s s i
o n r e c o g n i t i o n t e s t
s________________________________________________
____

• Two computer-administered tests are included in
  the F E E S T, each using a different
  procedure
• The E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s test - a short
  test with prototype expressions from the classic
  Ekman and Friesen (1976) series.
• The E m o t i o n H e x a g o n test - a
  longer test using computer-morphed expressions to
  manipulate task difficulty.

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T h e E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s t e s t - S
t i m u l i___________________________________

• Stimuli are expressions of
• anger
• disgust
• fear
• happiness
• sadness
• surprise

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U s i n g t h e E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s t e
s t___________________________________________

• The E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s test yields a
  score out of a maximum of 60 correct for
  recognition of all six emotions, or scores out of
  10 for recognition of each basic emotion.
• The computer software on the F E E S T CD-ROM
  presents the stimuli, records responses made from
  mouse clicks to on-screen buttons or user-defined
  key presses, and summarises these as test scores.

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T h e E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s t e s t -P e r
f o r m a n c e n o r m s_______________________
___________

• Comparison data are available for 227 individuals
  aged 20-70 years with IQs of 90 and above.
• Full details of the performance of the comparison
  group are given in the F E E S T Psychology
  Manual.
• Cut-off scores defining the border between
  normal-range and impaired performance (p .05)
  are provided for the entire group and for
  sub-groupings based on age.

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T h e E m o t i o n H e x a g o n t e s
t____________________________________

• The E m o t i o n H e x a g o n tests
  recognition of morphed facial expressions of the
  six basic emotions.
• Computer-morphing is used to vary the ease with
  which each expression can be recognised.
• The test yields a score out of a maximum of 120
  correct for recognition of all six emotions, or
  scores out of 20 for recognition of each basic
  emotion.
• The software on the F E E S T CD-ROM presents
  the stimuli, records responses made from mouse
  clicks to on-screen buttons or user-defined key
  presses, and summarises these as test scores.

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T h e E m o t i o n H e x a g o n t e s t -
S t i m u l i __________________________________
___

• From left to right, the columns show 90, 70,
  50, 30 and 10 morphs along each continuum.
• In each case, information from the prototype
  expression of the emotion at each end of the
  continuum is blended in the proportions shown at
  the top of the Figure.

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T h e E m o t i o n H e x a g o n t e s t -
S t i m u l u s c o n t i n u
a_____________________________________

• From top to bottom, the continua
  shown in each row
  are
• happiness (H) - surprise (U)
• surprise (U) - fear (F)
• fear (F) - sadness (S)
• sadness (S) - disgust (D)
• disgust (D) - anger (A)
• and anger (A) - happiness (H)

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U s i n g t h e E m o t i o n H e x a g o n
t e s t__________________________________________
___

• The E m o t i o n H e x a g o n test yields a
  score out of a maximum of 120 correct for
  recognition of all six emotions, or scores out of
  20 for recognition of each basic emotion.
• The computer software on the F E E S T CD-ROM
  presents the stimuli, records responses made from
  mouse clicks to on-screen buttons or user-defined
  key presses, and summarises these as test scores.

20
T h e E m o t i o n H e x a g o n t e s t -P
e r f o r m a n c e n o r m s___________________
_________________

• Comparison data are available for 125 individuals
  aged 20-75 years with IQs of 90 and above.
• Full details of the performance of the comparison
  group are given in the F E E S T Psychology
  Manual.
• Cut-off scores defining the border between
  normal-range and impaired performance (p .05)
  are provided for the entire group and for
  sub-groupings based on age.

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T h e F E E S T S t i m u l i
__________________________

• The F E E S T S t i m u l i comprise more than
  1,000 images of faces derived from photographs in
  the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series. The stimuli
  include prototype (unmodified) facial expressions
  and computer-manipulated versions.
• There are three sets of images
• The E m o t i o n M e g a m i x e s - morphed
  images for every possible continuum between
  expressions of six basic emotions and neutral
  poses.
• The C a r i c a t u r e s - caricatured and
  anti-caricatured images of expressions of six
  basic emotions.
• The C o n t i n u a - morphed and caricatured
  images used to create series of images showing
  increasing intensity of expressed emotion.

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T h e F E E S T S t i m u l i -I m a g e m a
n i p u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s
____________________________________________

• In the computer-manipulated F E E S T S t i m u
  l i , morphing and caricaturing techniques are
  used to systematically change the images in ways
  that allow the creation of novel tests and
  experiments suited to a wide range of purposes.
• Morphing is used to create images that fall along
  regularly graded transitions from one prototype
  expression to another, whereas caricaturing is
  used to increase or decrease the intensity of a
  particular expression.
• These techniques are explained in the F E E S T
  Psychology Manual.

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E m o t i o n M e g a m i x e s
____________________________

• The E m o t i o n M e g a m i x e s use
  computer morphing to blend the shapes and surface
  tone (regional brightness values) of prototype
  expressions from the Ekman and Friesen (1976)
  series, creating continua showing transitions
  between one expression and another.
• The Emotion Megamix stimuli include continua
  between all possible pairs of expressions (anger,
  disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and
  neutral) for two separate models.
• There are 21 continua for each model in the
  Emotion Megamix series, with 9 images in each
  continuum.

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E m o t i o n M e g a m i x e s -E x a m p l e
s ___________________________

• Examples of continua of morphed facial
  expressions for three basic emotions (happiness,
  fear, and disgust).
• The top row shows the happiness - fear continuum,
  the centre row fear - disgust, and the bottom row
  disgust - happiness.

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C a r i c a t u r e s a n d a n t i - c a r i
c a t u r e s____________________________________
____________

• Computer caricaturing procedures change the shape
  of a facial expression away from a reference
  norm, creating an expression that is more intense
  and easier to recognise. It is also possible to
  create an anti-caricatured representation that is
  closer to the norm, less intense, and less easy
  to recognise.
• The F E E S T C a r i c a t u r e stimuli
  include six continua for each of two models (one
  series of 9 images for each model for expressions
  of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and
  surprise) prepared relative to a Neutral
  expression norm, and a further six continua for
  each model prepared relative to an Average
  expression norm.

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C a r i c a t u r e s a n d a n t i - c a r i
c a t u r e s - E x a m p l e
s________________________________________________
__

• Use of anti-caricature (left of the centre
  column) and caricature (right of centre column)
  methods to modify the apparent intensity of
  happiness (top row), fear (centre row), and
  disgust (bottom row) in prototype (unmodified)
  facial expressions (centre column).
• The C a r i c a t u r e s shown here were
  prepared relative to a Neutral expression
  norm.

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C o n t i n u a _____________

• The morphed stimuli from the Emotion Megamixes
  change from one emotional expression to another,
  whereas the Caricature series create a change in
  the expressed intensity of a particular emotion
  rather than a shift in the emotion itself.
• The morphed and caricatured C o n t i n u a use
  a combination of morphing and caricaturing
  methods to create Continua from a neutral pose to
  an intensely expressed emotion.
• Morphed and caricatured Continua of 7 images are
  available for 10 models and all six basic
  emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness,
  sadness, and surprise) from the Ekman and Friesen
  series, yielding 60 Continua in total.

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C o n t i n u a -E x a m p l e s _____________

• Morphed and caricatured C o n t i n u a for
  neutral - happiness (top row), neutral - fear
  (centre row), and neutral - disgust (bottom row).
  In each continuum, the neutral expression is
  shown at the left of the row (first column), and
  the prototype expression in the fifth column.
  The images in the second to fourth columns are
  morphed, and the images in the sixth and seventh
  columns are caricatured. This creates Continua
  ranging from a neutral pose to an intensely
  expressed emotion.

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T h e F E E S T M a n u a l s
___________________________

• The F E E S T P s y c h o l o g y M a n u a l
  explains how to use the Ekman 60 Faces and
  Emotion Hexagon tests.
• The Psychology Manual describes the properties of
  the various stimuli of the F E E S T, shows how
  they were created, and explains how to locate
  them on the CD.
• The Psychology Manual explains the origins of the
  Ekman and Friesen series of Pictures of Facial
  Affect, and provides authoritative FACS (Facial
  Action Coding System) scores to indicate the
  muscle movements (Action Units) involved in each
  of the prototype expressions used in the F E E S
  T.
• The F E E S T S o f t w a r e M a n u a l
  explains how to use the software supplied with
  the CD-ROM.

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T h e u s e s o f t h e F E E S T
______________________________

• The F E E S T has a wide range of potential
  applications, including uses in neuropsychology
  and neuropsychiatry, experimental psychology, and
  cognitive neuroscience.
• The information about the Action Units (AUs)
  underlying each prototype expression given in the
  F E E S T Psychology Manual offers added scope
  for studies investigating how AUs are involved in
  facial expression perception, in
  neuropsychological deficits, and in different
  types of neural response.

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U s e s o f t h e F E E S T - N e u r o p s
y c h o l o g y a n d n e u r o p s y c h i a t
r y _____________________________________________
__________

• Testing of facial expression recognition is
  important in many clinical contexts.
• The E k m a n 6 0 F a c e s test and the E m
  o t i o n H e x a g o n test can each be used
  on its own, or alongside the other test.
• Taken together, the two tests can point strongly
  to the existence of deficits affecting facial
  expression recognition, and allow examination of
  whether such deficits affect recognition of all
  emotions or have a differentially severe impact
  on the recognition of certain emotions.
• The F E E S T stimuli can be used to create
  supplementary tests to explore emotion
  recognition deficits in detail.

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T h e F E E S T i n n e u r o p s y c h o l o
g y -E x a m p l e s ____________________________
________________

• Relevant papers include
• Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J.,
  Karnat, A., Lange, H.W., Hömberg, V., Perrett,
  D.I. and Rowland, D. (1996). Loss of disgust
  perception of faces and emotions in Huntington's
  disease. Brain, 119, 1647-1665.
• Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Schroeder, U.,
  Grossenbacher, P.G., Federlein, J., Büttner, T.
  and Przuntek, H. (1999). Knowing no fear.
  Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological
  Sciences, 266, 2451-2456.
• Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N.
  and Young, A.W. (2000). Impaired recognition and
  experience of disgust following brain injury.
  Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1077-1078.

33
T h e F E E S T i n n e u r o p s y c h i a t
r y -E x a m p l e s ____________________________
________________

• Relevant papers include
• Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Pundt, I.,
  Sprengelmeyer, A., Calder, A.J., Berrios, G.,
  Winkel, R., Vollmoeller, W., Kuhn, W., Sartory,
  G. and Przuntek, H. (1997). Disgust implicated in
  obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proceedings of the
  Royal Society Biological Sciences, B264,
  1767-1773.
• Evangeli, M. and Broks, P. (2000). Face
  processing in schizophrenia parallels with the
  effects of amygdala damage. Cognitive
  Neuropsychiatry, 5, 81-104.

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U s e s o f t h e F E E S T - E x p e r i m
e n t a l p s y c h o l o g y __________________
__________________

• The F E E S T stimuli are well-suited for
  creating psychological experiments to examine the
  basis of facial expression perception.
• They can be used to investigate dimensional and
  category-based accounts, priming effects from
  expressions of different intensities,
  interference from distractor expressions on
  incidental tasks, and many other issues.

35
T h e F E E S T i n e x p e r i m e n t a l
p s y c h o l o g y -E x a m p l e s
__________________________________________________
_____

• Relevant papers include
• Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Rowland, D. and
  Perrett, D.I. (1997). Computer-enhanced emotion
  in facial expressions. Proceedings of the Royal
  Society Biological Sciences, B264, 919-925.
• Young, A.W., Rowland, D., Calder, A.J., Etcoff,
  N.L., Seth, A. and Perrett, D.I. (1997). Facial
  expression megamix tests of dimensional and
  category accounts of emotion recognition.
  Cognition, 63, 271-313.
• Calder, A.J., Rowland, D., Young, A.W.,
  Nimmo-Smith, I., Keane, J. and Perrett, D.I.
  (2000). Caricaturing facial expressions.
  Cognition, 76, 105-146.

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U s e s o f t h e F E E S T - C o g n i t i
v e n e u r o s c i e n c e ____________________
______________

• The F E E S T stimuli have been used in
  functional imaging studies to investigate the
  neural responses of the brain to different
  emotions.
• The F E E S T 's ability to vary the level of
  intensity of an expression whilst keeping other
  factors tightly controlled is very useful in this
  type of research.

37
T h e F E E S T i n c o g n i t i v e n e u
r o s c i e n c e -Ex a m p l e s
__________________________________________________
___

• Relevant papers include
• Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I.,
  Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J. and Dolan,
  R.J. (1996). A differential neural response in
  the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial
  expressions. Nature, 383, 812-815.
• Phillips, M.L., Young, A.W., Senior, C., Brammer,
  M., Andrew, C., Calder, A.J., Bullmore, E.T.,
  Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Williams, S.C.R.,
  Gray, J.A. and David, A.S. (1997). A specific
  neural substrate for perceiving facial
  expressions of disgust. Nature, 389, 495-498.