Possible topics for last 2 weeks votes on first day of class 1 point for first, 2 for second etc'

1
Possible topics for last 2 weeks(votes on first
day of class)(1 point for first, 2 for second
etc.)

• Hydrogen economy (128)
• Nuclear Power (fission/fusion) (137)
• Fuel Cells (154) Ill include this in with
  Hydrogen economy discussion.
• Unconventional Fossil (189) Wont cover this.
• Other suggestions now??

2
Electric Circuit basics

• V IR
• R is measured in OHMS (W) 1W 1V/1A
• R r l/A
• r resistivity
• (e.g. Cu 1.69x10-8 Wm Al 2.75x10-8 Wm)
• l length of the wire
• A cross-sectional area of the wire
• P IV

3
Series and Parallel Circuits
Series circuit Current is the same in all
elements (voltages add)
Parallel circuit Voltage is the same in all
elements (Currents add)
4
The other side of the circuit

• Need a source of EMF to lift the electrons up
  the potential energy hill in the power source
• Batteries, Fuel Cells (chemical)
• Generators (electro-magnetic)
• Solar (photo-electric effect)

5
Batteries
HK p 327
All batteries have the same basic principle, but
the chemical reactions and The materials used
for the electrodes and electrolytes) differ. This
gives Different voltages, internal resistances,
masses, operating temps, etc.
6
Batteries Energy Density
http//www.hardingenergy.com/pdfs/ComparisonofAppl
ication.pdf (as of Jan. 2004, note on this scale,
gasoline is 12000 Wh/kg and 9500 Wh/l) Compare
these numbers to table 10.1 in the text.
7
Faradays Law

• A coil of wire experiences an electro-motive
  force that is proportional to the rate of change
  of the magnetic flux passing through the loop.
• Magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic
  field strength times the area it passes through
  projected onto the field direction (just like
  solar flux on a panel).

B
Aperp
8
Basic AC Electric Generator
9
North American Power Plants
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transm
ission
Another interesting site http//carma.org/ will
give you more info on these Plants (and indeed
50,0000 others worldwide!).
10
US Electrical power Generation (2006)
Look at the text, which Shows an
interesting Distinction between Utility producers
and Non-utility producers In terms of this
mix. (p 319)
http//www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html
http//www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat4
p1.html see for Information on actual energy
consumed by fuel type.
11
US Electrical Power Generation
1978 Pub. Util. Reg. Policy Act opened up
competition and led to the introdution of smaller
producers (non-utility produces). Note the
different mix of fuel sources!
12
Load (or capacity) factors
http//www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_s
um.html
Nuclear and Coal have very large load factors
(these plants tend to run most of the time, and
provide base load capacity. Other types of
plants, like Natural gas, can be fired up more
quickly and tend to be used to accommodate peak
loads (sometimes called peaking plants).
13
U. Cincy Cogeneration Plants
Two generating stations 47MW combined. Annually
produces 245M kWh Heat to 9Msq.ft of bldg
space Various fuel options can be used.
http//www.uc.edu/facmgmt/utility.asp
14
Typical generating station
http//www.wvic.com/how-gen-works.htm
Web site also has a good schematic of a generator
in action
15
Typical Steam generator
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_pla
nt
16
Typical Gas generator(combined cycle plants)
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_pla
nt
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle
17
Combined Cycle plants
http//www.cogeneration.net/Combined_Cycle_Cogener
ation.htm
18
Combined cycle/Carbon sequestration plant
http//alt-e.blogspot.com/
19
Electrical distribution/transmission
You want to transmit at high voltage (to keep
currents, and therefore losses low), but you have
to deliver at small voltages (to keep customers
safe). AC power, with the use of transformers,
makes this possible.
20
Transformers
http//www.directindustry.com/cat/electricity/powe
r-transformers-C-363.html
21
Transmission/distribution lines
Some High Voltage transmission lines are DC not
AC (see right), but they look pretty much the
same.
http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/ill
ustrated_glossary/transmission_lines.html
22
Examples.

• HK 11-Prob. 2 A small transformer used for a
  doorbell steps down the voltage from 120V and
  0.5A to 12V. What is the flow of current to the
  door bell, and what is the turns ratio of the
  transformer?

23
Wind Energy
An extensive site for Wind Information!!
http//www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/euromap.htm
24
Wind Energy
The text gives (on page 407 in slightly different
units) the formula P 0.3D2 V3
(W.s3/m5) D-turbine diameter V- wind velocitySo
a 9m/s wind provides 27 times the power that a
3m/s wind provides!!
http//cenlamar.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/plan_3
tiermap.jpg
25
Examples.

• Estimate the size of a wind turbine designed to
  produce 3MW in a 15 m/s wind.

26
2003 Blackout before and after
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_North_America_bl
ackout
27
Altamont Pass (CA)
http//www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/WKA/windfarm/altcal.ht
ml
6000 turbines, built 1980s
28
San Gorgonio Pass (CA)
http//www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/WKA/windfarm/sgpcal.ht
ml
3500 turbines, built 1980s
29
Wind Turbines
http//www.afm.dtu.dk/wind/turbines/img0003.jpg
30
Basics of a Wind Turbine
Variable pitch allows the blades to be
feathered when the wind gets too strong. Yaw
drive allows the turbine to be directed toward
the wind.
http//www.nrel.gov/wind/animation.html
31
Web site for movie on wind turbine construction
http//www.gepower.com/businesses/ge_wind_energy/e
n/image_gallery/index.htm
32
Three Gorges Dam (China)
http//images.google.com/images?um1hlenclient
firefox-arlsorg.mozillaen-USofficialqthreeg
orgesdamsaNstart20ndsp20
33
ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)
http//www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html
34
ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)
http//www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html