DNA

1
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
??? ??????? DNA
2
?????

• ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????
  ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???
  ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ICARDA.
• ????? ????????
• ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
  ??? ??????? DNA
• Using Hidden Markov Models to finding gene in DNA
  sequences
• ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????
  ???????? Murari Singh ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ICARDA.

3
??? ?????

• ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? Perl ?????
  ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? DNA ?????? ?????
  ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????
  ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????
• ????? ???????? (???????).
• ??? ??????? ?????? ????.
• ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????.

4
????? ???????? (???????)
5
????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? DNA

• ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
  DNA ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
  ??????????? (A, T, C, G)? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????
  ??????? ????? ?????? ????.
• ???? ???? ????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
  ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? A ??? ?? T ??? C
  ??? ?? G? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???
  ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????
  (??????? 23 ????).
• ????? ??? ???? ????? DNA ???????? ?? ???? ???
  ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? 3.2 ????? ?????.

6
??????? Genes

• ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
  DNA ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
  ???? ?? ????? ????? (??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??
  25000 ??? ??????).
• ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
  ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
  ????? DNA (3 ?? ???? ?????).
• ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  DNA? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????
  ????? DNA ???? ???? ??? ????.

7
??????? ???????? Amino Acids

• ?????? ???????? ????? 20 ???? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??
  ???????.
• ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????
  ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????.
• ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
  ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???
  ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????
  ?? ??? ????.

8
?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? (1)

• ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? DNA
  ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????
  ?? ????? ??????? mRNA.
• ???? ????? ??????? mRNA ???? ????? ????? ???????
  ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? DNA.
• ??? ???? ????? RNA ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
  ?????????? T ???????? ?????????? U ???????? ??
  ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? A.
• ???? ??????? ????? ??????? mRNA ?????? ????
  ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????
  ?????.

9
?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? (2)

• ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????.
• ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? 64 ????? ????
  ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??
  ????? 20 ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
  ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
  ?? ?????.
• ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
  ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
  ??? ???????.

10
?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? (3)

• ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????
  ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ??????? mRNA ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
  ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.
• ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? tRNA ?????
  ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ???????.
• ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????
  ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  tRNA.

11
???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? Rebosome
Tyr
Val
His
Met
Pro
3
CAU
UAC
GUA
CCU
5
???? ??? ???????
12
????? ?????????? Proteins

• ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????
  ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????
  ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
• ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????
  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????
  ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????.
• ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? mRNA ??? ?????
  ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????.

13
??? ??????? ?????? ????
14
??? ?????? ?????? ?????

• ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????
  ????? ?? ??????? ?????? A, T, C, G ??????? ??
  ????? ???? ????? DNA ???????? ??? ????? ???
  ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

15
????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????

• ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
  ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ??????? ???? DNA ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
  ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
  ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 30 ?? ???????.
• ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????
  ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???
  ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
  ???? ???????? ??? 6 ?????? ??????.

16
??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????
17
????? ?????? ??????? HMM

• ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????
  ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????
  ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ???????.
• ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???
  ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
• ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????
  ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
  ??? ??????.

18
???? ??????

• ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????
  ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????
  ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??
  ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
• ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????
  ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
  ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????
  ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????

?????? ??????????
0.4
0.6
0.4
????
0.6
????
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.4
????
????
?????
????
????
?????
19
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? HMM

• ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????.
• ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• ??????? ??????.
• ??????????? ??????? Bioinformatics ?? ???? ??????
  ?????? ????? ?????????? (????? ??? ??????? Genes)
  ??? ??????? ????? DNA.

20
??? Perl

• ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1987 ?? ??? Larry
  Wall? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????
  ??????? ?????.
• ???? ??? Perl ??? ????? ??? ????? (????? ????
  ???? ????????? ?????? ????????)? ??? ????? ??????
  ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????.
• ???? ??? Perl ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????.

21
????? BioPerl

• ??? ?? ????? ????? BioPerl ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???
  Perl ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ?????????? (?????????) ?????????.
• ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (?????????)? ???
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????
  ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??
  ??????.

22
??? ??????? ????????? R

• ????? ??? R ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???
  ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???
  ?? ????? ??????? Auckland ??????????.
• ????? ??? R ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????
  ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????
  ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????
  ??????.
• ????? ??? R ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????
  ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.

23
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????