The NATO Code of Best Practice for Command and Control Assessment Implications for SISO

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The NATO Code of Best Practice for Command and
Control Assessment Implications for SISO

• Dr. Andreas Tolk
• IABGOttobrunn, Germany

Prof. Reiner K. Huber ITISNeubiberg, Germany
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Presentation

• Overview NATO COBP
• General Aspects
• Summary of all Chapters
• Chapters of Special Interest
• Methods and Tools
• Data
• Recommendations and Conclusions
• Standardization Issues
• SISO Activities

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Overview NATO Code of Best Practice for C2
Assessment

• General Aspects
• Who has been engaged
• Why has the COBP been written
• Overview of all Chapters
• NATO Definitions
• What is the COBP dealing with
• What is interesting for SISO

Studies, Analyses, and Simulation (SAS)
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Who has been engaged
/ General Aspects
SAS-026

• NATO Research and Technology Organization
• NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency
• NATO Nations

• France
• Norway
• Turkey
• USA
• Spain

• Canada
• Germany
• The Netherlands
• United Kingdom
• Denmark

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Why has the COBP been written
/ General Aspects

• First Code of Best Practice published in 1999
• Focus on Article V operations
• written by the Research Study Group SAS-002 on
  Modeling of Command and Control (C2)
• Actual Code under Final Revision, to be published
  in Summer 2002
• Broadening C2 Assessment to all Operations
  (including OOTW)
• written by SAS-026
• To offer broad guidance on the assessment of C2
  issues for the purpose of supporting a wide
  variety of decision makers and the conduct of C2
  research

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NATO Definition of Command and Control (C2) and
C2 Systems
/ General Aspects

• The Organization, Process, Procedures and Systems
  necessary to allow timely political and military
  decision making and to enable military commanders
  to direct and control military forces
• C2 systems include headquarters, facilities,
  communications, information systems, and sensors
  warning installations

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What is the COBP dealing with
/ General Aspects

• multilateral dynamics including interactions with
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO),
• Private Volunteer Organizations (PVO),
• International Organizations (IO),
• international corporations, transnational,
  sub-national, criminal, and other organizations
• involve action-reaction dynamics characterized by
  the impact of interacting soft elements such as
  culture, morale, doctrine, training, and
  experience

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Overview of the Chapters
/ Chapter Overview
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What is interesting for SISO (I)
/ Chapter Overview

• Problem Formulation and Solution Strategies
• Precise problem formulation is essential for the
  success of every study
• Explicit problem formulation must precede
  construction of analysis concepts and selection
  of analysis methods (FEDEP, operational view)
• Measures of Merit
• Hierarchy of Measures

• Measures of Policy Effectiveness
• Measures of Force Effectiveness
• Measures of C2 Effectiveness

• Measures of Performance
• Dimensional Parameters

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/ Chapter Overview
Measures of Merit
Environment
Force
C2 System
C2 Subsystem
DP
MoP
MoPE
MoCE
MoFE
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What is interesting for SISO (II)
/ Chapter Overview

• Human and Organizational Factors
• Human Behavior, Organizational Behavior, and
  Mass Behavior
• Performance Degradation, Decision Making, and
  Command Style
• Interdisciplinary Approach necessary including
  OR/SA, IT, and Human Sciences
• Developing Scenarios
• No overall scenarios independent of a specific
  problem
• Development of standard scenarios and vignettes
  proposed (also for training)

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What is interesting for SISO (III)
/ Chapter Overview

• Risk and Uncertainty
• Explicit Treatment of Risk and Uncertainty
• Dealing with Risk
• Reduce underlying uncertainty
• Mitigate risks by risk-averse strategies
• Communicate risk, avoid collateral risk
• Understanding, Managing, and Reducing Risk
  Generic Risk Register

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Chapters of Special Interest

• Methods and Tools
• Tools needed for C2 Assessment (Requirements)
• Orchestration of Tools
• Data
• General Aspects of Data
• Role of Data within and beyond a study
• Common Data Models

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Tools needed for C2 Assessment
/ Methods and Tools

• Data Collection / Data Generation
• brain storming, data mining, questionnaires,
  simulation experiments to produce data, etc.
• Data Organization / Relationship
• statistics, multi-criteria utility analysis,
  causal mapping, neural networks, etc.
• Solving Tools
• mathematical analysis, optimization tools,
  heuristic searching techniques, etc.
• Support Tools
• data analyses, data bases, checklists, etc.

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Human Decision Making / Behavior in Tools
/ Methods and Tools

• Three ways to represent
• rule-based systems (artificial intelligence)
• algorithmic tools
• human in the loop
• Neither AI nor Algorithms reached a mature enough
  state
• NATO LTSS/48 on Computer Generated Forces
• NATO LTSS/SAS-017 on Human Behavior
  Representation Technology
• There is an urgent need for a fast new
  generation of closed constructive simulation
  models for purposes of C2 analysis

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Orchestration of Tools
/ Methods and Tools

• NATO COBP favors federated solutions
• Ideas of the NATO MS Master Plan are
  incorporated
• Main points of interest
• Consideration of assumptions and constraints
  during tool selection
• Development of common process models
• Evolution of federations
• Documentation (using meta data)
• Applicability of open standards (OMG, XML)

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General Aspects of Data
/ Data

• Basic Definitions
• Data is factual information organized for
  analysis in a form suitable for machine
  processing
• Meta data is information about data
• Data Sources
• Official Sources,
• Open Sources,
• Legacy Study Results,
• Subject Matter Expert Knowledge
• Meta Data
• for documentation (source, reliability, etc.)
• to retrieve data for later reuse

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Role of Data within and beyond a Study
/ Data
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Common Data Models
/ Data

• Data being used by analysts today will be the
  data needed by system engineers, decision makers,
  and commanders for operations tomorrow
• Early Harmonization of Efforts is necessary
• Standards for Data and Object Modeling,
  Management, Ontology, etc. are needed
• For actual harmonization between scientists
• For future interoperability

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Recommended Standardization Issues

• Standardized Measure of Merit Hierarchy
• Reusable modules for representing the soft
  factors and human behavior
• Standardized framework for the definition of
  scenarios and vignettes
• Standards for Evolutionary Development of Models
  and Federations
• Standards for data, meta-data, data models, and
  data management

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Recommended SISO Activities

• Improvement of the FEDEP using the NATO COBP
• Support of the development of a common data
  infrastructure for
• data reuse
• transition from study results to simulation data
  and vice versa
• transition from simulation data to operational
  data and vice versa

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Summary

• The NATO COBP is valuable work for SISO
• Distribute via SISO Library (maybe with comments
  of the PRP members)
• Engage in the Revision Process
• NATO SAS-039 Symposium at NC3A, The Hague, The
  Netherlands, 23-25 April 2002
• Web Reference http//www.dodccrp.org