Ch' 12 Kingdoms and Christianity

1
Ch. 12Kingdoms and Christianity
2
(No Transcript)
3
The Byzantine Empire

• Preview
• Starting Points Map Spread of Christianity
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Emperors Rule in Constantinople
• Faces of History Justinian and Theodora
• Byzantine Culture
• The Empire Declines

4
Click the icon to play Listen to History audio.
Click the icon below to connect to the
Interactive Maps.
5
The Byzantine Empire
Main Idea The Byzantine Empire, once the eastern
half of the Roman Empire, was held together for
centuries by strong leaders, profitable trade,
and the influence of Christianity.

• Reading Focus
• How did Byzantine emperors rule their empire from
  Constantinople?
• What were some important features of Byzantine
  culture?
• What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?

6
Emperors Rule in Constantinople
ConstantinopleGreek for The City of
Constantinebecame the capital of the roman
Empire under Emperor Constantine I.
7
Reclaiming Western Empire

• Claim to Empire
• Western part of empire still claimed by eastern
  emperors
• Byzantine emperor Justinian I wanted to restore
  original Roman Empire

• Military Action
• Military action needed to accomplish Justinians
  goal
• First had to reconquer North African territories
  taken by Germanic tribe, Vandals

• Belisarius
• 533, Justinian sent ships, troops to northern
  Africa
• Troops led by top general, Belisarius

• Successes
• By 534, fleet had recaptured African region,
  absorbed back into Roman Empire
• 535, Belisarius led troops to Italy to retake
  that region

8
Rebellion at Home
9
(No Transcript)
10

• Achievements
• Nika Revolt destroyed parts of Constantinople
• Gave Justinian, Theodora chance to rebuilt city
  with new monuments
• Most important new building, church, Hagia
  Sophia, Holy Wisdom
• Spectacular blend of domes, arches building
  still stands

• Justinians Code
• Justinian set up commission that codified,
  systematically arranged, empires existing laws,
  legal opinions into clear system
• Corpus Juris Civilis had four parts first part
  included all existing constitutions from time of
  Emperor Hadrian
• Code later updated, expanded to include
  Justinians laws as well

11
Changes after Justinian

• Justinians achievements many, but did not last
• Died 565, left government nearly bankrupt from
  expenses of taking back empires territory
• Had expanded empire beyond what government could
  effectively administer
• Western provinces fell to migrating tribes after
  his death
• Reign of Heraclius began 610
• Heraclius defeated Persians on eastern border
• Settled Croats, Serbs within Balkan frontiers to
  west to act as buffers against new invaders
• Croats, Serbs converted to Christianity,
  extending Byzantine influence into region

12
Summarize What did Justinian accomplish during
his reign?
Answer(s) put down the Nika Revolt, built the
Hagia Sophia, reformed Roman law
13
Byzantine Culture

• The Role of the Emperor
• Two institutions central to Byzantine
  cultureemperor, Christianity
• Emperor, priest-king, considered deputy of Jesus
  Christ on earth, his co-ruler
• Emperor responsible for both civil, religious law

• Changing Culture
• Example of emperors influence reflected in
  empires changing culture
• People of Constantinople referred to selves as
  Roman, but Greek cultural influences grew stronger

• End to Roman Traditions
• Emperor Heraclius brought official end to Roman
  traditions
• Made Greek official language, replacing Latin
• Replaced old Roman imperial titles with Greek ones

14
Religion and the Arts

• Christianity greatly influenced artistic life of
  Byzantines
• Art, architecture, literature based on religious
  themes
• Byzantine art often featured saints, figures from
  Bible
• Most art in form of mosaics
• Mosaics decorated floors, walls, ceilings

15
Religious Conflicts
In the 700s the use of art in churches deeply
divided society. This religious controversy
threatened the strength of both church and state.
The controversy involved the use of
iconspaintings or sculptures of sacred figures.
Reaction against iconoclasm raged on and off
until 843 when a council settled the issue by
accepting icons. The dispute played a crucial
role in the growing divide between the emperor in
Constantinople and the pope in Rome.
16
The Church Splits

• Growing Divisions
• Over time, number of issues that divided eastern,
  western churches grew
• Use of Greek one difference theological
  differences also emerged
• Eastern church allowed clergy to marry, western
  church did not

• Church Governance
• Pope in Rome, patriarchs in Constantinople,
  Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem were church
  leaders emperor oversaw church law, did not
  govern church
• Byzantines did not accept pope as supreme
  authority over religious issues

• Schism
• 1054, differences became so large, schism, split,
  occurred between churches
• Church in east became Orthodox Church, west
  remained Roman Catholic
• Later hurt Byzantine Empire, could not rely on
  western help against invaders

17
Summarize What led to the split between the
eastern and western churches?
Answer(s) theological differences, including use
of icons use of Greek allowing members of the
clergy to marry
18
The Empire Declines
As far back as the reign of Heraclius, Muslims
had threatened the empire. Over time, Islam,
pressure from migrating tribes, and internal
conflict and corruption brought about the
Byzantine Empires fall.
19
Internal Weaknesses
20
Final Decline
Continuing strife between the military and the
Constantinople government weakened the empire,
making it vulnerable to challengers from the
outside.
21
Identifying Cause and Effect What was the
connection between the rise of Islam and the fall
of the Byzantine Empire?
Answer(s) possible answerAs Islam spread and
gained followers, Muslim invaders threatened the
Byzantines.
22
(No Transcript)
23
The Rise of Russia

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Rus and Kiev
• Map The Growth of Russia
• Christianity in Russia
• Russia under Attack
• Faces of History Alexander Nevsky

24
The Rise of Russia
Main Idea Starting as a blend of Slavs and
northern Europeans, the Russians organized as a
state, became Christian, and fought invaders.

• Reading Focus
• How did the Rus affect the early history of Kiev?
• What factors helped establish Christianity in
  Russia?
• What peoples attacked Russia?

25
The Rus and Kiev
For thousands of years, hunter-gatherers managed
to make a living in the sometimes harsh climate
of what we now call Ukraine and Russia.
26

• The Growth of Kiev
• Olegs victory produced advantageous trade
  agreement, beginning of close connection between
  Byzantine Empire, Russian people
• Late 900s, Rus extended control far beyond Kiev
• Defeated Khazars, freed several Slavic tribes
  Khazars had controlled

• Yaroslav the Wise
• Kievan region became state called Kievan Rus
• During height of Kievan Rus power, prestige,
  ruler was Yaroslav the Wise
• 1019, Yaroslav became grand prince, ruled until
  1054
• Made many cultural, administrative improvements
  to Kievan Rus

27
Cultural and Administrative Improvements

• Collected religious books, hired scribes to
  translate from Greek into Slavic language
• Began ambitious building program to beautify Kiev
  
• Military record was mixed
• Regained lost territory, defeated nomadic
  Pechenegs
• Tried to attack Constantinople, but forces were
  crushed
• More successful dealing with western Europe
• Maintained good diplomatic, trade relationships
• Arranged marriages between daughters, European
  princes

28
(No Transcript)
29
Find the Main Idea Who were the Rus, and what
was their connection to Kiev?
Answer(s) a group of northern Europeansperhaps
Vikingswho came to rule the Slavs
30
Christianity in Russia
31
Christian Russia

• Establishment
• Important convert, Grand Duke Vladimir I of Kiev
• Baptized a Christian married sister of a
  Byzantine emperor
• Conversion helped gain economic, political
  advantages from Byzantine Empire

• State Religion
• Even if conversion politically motivated, he
  built libraries, schools, churches
• In 988, Vladimir made Christianity state religion
  of Kievan Russia
• Christianity spread, but tensions between
  branches of church grew worse

• Russian Orthodox Church
• Following 1054 schism, semi-independent church
  set up in Russia still linked to Orthodox Church
  in Constantinople
• Eventually became Russian Orthodox Church
• Vladimir made saint in new church

32
Summarize How did Christianity spread to Russia?
Answer(s) Monks from the Byzantine Empire
traveled to Moravia and established the Cyrillic
alphabet and a Slavonic mass to spread
Christianity.
33
Russia under Attack
During the mid-1000s, Kievan Rus reached the
height of its power as a center of trade and
culture. But by the end of the 1200s, it had
suffered a steep decline. Kievan Rus was under
attackfirst by princes within its borders, and
later by invaders from beyond.
Kievan Rus Weakened
34
A Threat from the East

• The Mongols
• 1200s, Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, swept across
  Asia
• Genghis Khan and Mongols created immense empire
• Mongol raiders defeated Rus and their allies in
  1223

• End of Kievan Rus Control
• 1227, Genghis Khan died, empire divided into four
  regions
• 1240, Kiev fell to Mongols led by Batu Khan
• Mongol state established in southern Russia
  Kievan Rus dominance over

• Disaster Avoided
• Mongols mostly left local princes in charge, did
  not interfere with church
• Prince Alexander encouraged Russians not to rebel
  against new masters
• As result Mongols did not destroy as much as in
  other lands

35
A Threat from the North
36
Invasion from the Baltic

• Alexander known as Alexander Nevsky after victory
• Banished by city of Novgorod after meddling in
  internal affairs
• When another invader threatened, Novgorod turned
  again to Alexander

37
(No Transcript)
38
From Kiev to Muscovy
For more than 200 years after Alexanders
battles, Russia remained under the control of
Asian nomadic peoples.
39
Sequence Which people first invaded Russia in
1223? What other groups invaded?
Answer(s) Mongols Swedes, Germans
40
(No Transcript)
41
Christianity in Western Europe

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• New Kingdoms in Europe
• Christian European Society
• Monks and Monasteries
• Map Missionaries and Monasteries in Europe
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of Christianity as a World
  Religion

42
Christianity in Western Europe
Main Idea The spread of Christianity, largely
through the work of missionaries and monks,
helped unify western Europe after the collapse of
the Roman Empire.

• Reading Focus
• What new kingdoms arose in Europe, and how did
  they become Christian?
• What characteristics defined Christian European
  society?
• What roles did monks and monasteries play in
  European religion and society?

43
New Kingdoms in Europe
The fall of Rome had different results. In the
east, the Byzantine Empire flourished. In the
west, no single empire arose from Romes ashes.
Germanic groups established many small kingdoms.
44
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms

• Threat to Independence
• Remained independent for several centuries
• Threat arose that forced them to band together
• Danes invaded northern England, began to march
  south

• Alfred the Great
• Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, king
  of Wessex
• Under Alfred, Anglo-Saxon forces pushed Danes
  back to north
• Later Alfred recognized as ruler of all England

• Accomplishments
• As king, Alfred reorganized army, issued own code
  of laws
• Also improved his courts financial system
• Greatest achievement, establishing system of
  schools for adults, children

45

• The Franks
• 400s, another Germanic kingdom established in
  former Roman province of Gaulmodern Franceby
  Franks
• Led by king named Clovis, Franks defeated
  neighbors to build powerful kingdom

• Major Power
• Clovis vowed to become Christian if troops won
• 496, Clovis, 3,000 Franks baptized in massive
  public ceremony
• Franks became major power in western Europe
• 800s, height of Frankish power, led by Charlemagne

46
Summarize How did the Anglo-Saxons and Franks
become Christians?
Answer(s) Monks brought Christianity to Kent,
and it slowly spread throughout England. Clovis
was king of the Franks. He vowed to become a
Christian if his troops won.
47
Christian European Society

• When Rome fell in late 400s, Christianity mostly
  confined to southern Europe
• By about 600, Christianity had spread northward
  into other parts of continent
• Conversion of Anglo-Saxons, Franks helped make
  western Europe into largely Christian society
• Following fall of Rome, Christianity appealed to
  many Europeans
• Period known as Middle Ages, or medieval times
• Many peoples lives filled with doubt, suffering
  hardship
• Christianity offered comfort, promise of happy
  afterlife, sense of community

48
Spreading Christianity
49
Strengthening the Papacy

• Popes Influence
• Early in Middle Ages, most popes had little
  authority
• Most saw pope as just another bishop

• Gregory the Great
• Lack of authority ended with Gregory the Great
• Worked to change views of papacy, increase
  influence

• Supreme Patriarch
• Gregory thought, as successor to Peter, pope
  should be supreme patriarch of church
• Undertook reforms to strengthen papacy, canon law

• Gregorys Reforms
• Encouraged missionary work and monasticism,
  voluntary separation from society
• Encouraged people to care for poor, less fortunate

50
Sharing Beliefs

• Interpretations of Faith
• As Christianity spread through diverse
  populations, people interpreted faith in
  different ways
• Debates arose over questions like humanity,
  divinity of Jesus

• Written Explanations
• To prevent, resolve conflicts, influential
  theologians wrote explanations to set forth
  churchs official positions
• Most influential of medieval theologians,
  Augustine of Hippo

• Used Ideas of Plato
• Augustines writings helped shape Christian
  doctrine for centuries
• City of God people should pay less attention to
  material world than to Gods plan for world
  attempted to convince Romans God had not
  abandoned them

51
Infer How did Christianity change in the early
Middle Ages?
Answer(s) Christianity spread throughout Europe,
the pope became one of the most influential
figures in Europe, and different interpretations
arose.
52
Monks and Monasteries

• Gregory the Great increased emphasis on
  monasticism
• Believed monks played important role in church
• Monasticism gained popularity in the early Middle
  Ages.

Both forms had similar rules about communal life,
but the organization and details of life in their
monasteries were quite different.
53
Monks and Monasteries
The most common form of monasticism in most of
Europe during the Middle Ages was Benedictine
monasticism.
54
Benedictine Monks

• Benedictine monasticism made tremendous
  contributions to Europe
• Monks ran schools that trained some of finest
  minds of Middle Ages
• Copied ancient manuscripts, helped preserve
  knowledge of Greece, Rome
• Monasteries became centers of wealth, power
• Kings, nobles donated money, gifts in exchange
  for prayers said on their behalf
• As they became wealthier, monasteries drawn into
  local politics
• Many monks acted as advisers, aides to local,
  national rulers in Europe

55
Celtic Monasteries

• Other branch of monasticism developed in Ireland
• Celtic monks more ascetic, or severe, than
  Benedictines
• Fasted and spent days in solitary contemplation
• Built monasteries on small islands to separate
  monks, rest of society believed isolation helped
  focus on faith

56
(No Transcript)
57
Make Generalizations What contributions did
monks make to Europe?
Answer(s) ran schools, preserved the knowledge
of Greece and Rome, served as advisers and aides
to European rulers
58
(No Transcript)
59
VideoThe Impact of Christianity as a World
Religion
Click above to play the video.