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Greedy Algorithms

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Correctness of Dijkstra's Algorithm ... As with Dijkstra's algorithm, the key issue is determining which vertex is next closest. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Greedy Algorithms


1
Greedy Algorithms
  • Like dynamic programming algorithms, greedy
    algorithms are usually designed to solve
    optimization problems
  • Unlike dynamic programming algorithms,
  • greedy algorithms are iterative in nature.
  • An optimal solution is reached from local optimal
    solutions.
  • This approach does not work all the time.
  • A proof that the algorithm does what it claims is
    needed, and usually not easy to get.

2
Shortest Paths Problems
  • Input A graph with non-negative weights or costs
    associated with each edge.
  • Output The list of edges forming the shortest
    path.
  • Sample problems
  • Find shortest path between two named vertices
  • Find shortest path from S to all other vertices
  • Find shortest path between all pairs of vertices
  • Will actually calculate only distances, not paths.

3
Shortest Paths Definitions
  • ?(A, B) is the shortest distance from vertex A to
    B.
  • length(A, B) is the weight of the edge connecting
    A to B.
  • If there is no such edge, then length(A, B) ?.

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A
C
1
10
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B
D
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4
Single-Source Shortest Paths
  • Problem Given G(V,E), start vertex s, find the
    shortest path from s to all other vertices.
  • Assume V1, 2, , n and s1
  • Solution A greedy algorithm called Dijkstras
    Algorithm

5
Dijkstras Algorithm Outline
  • Partition V into two sets
  • X1 and Y 2, 3, , n
  • Initialize ?i for 1 ? i ? n as follows
  • Select y?Y such that ?y is minimum
  • ?y is the length of the shortest path from 1 to
    y that uses only vertices in set X.
  • Remove y from Y, add it to X, and update ?w for
    each w?Y where (y,w) ? E if the path through y is
    shorter.

6
Example
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7
Dijkstras Algorithm

A B C D E
Initial 0 ? ? ? ?
Process A
Process
Process
Process
Process
8
Dijkstras Algorithm
  • Input A weighted directed graph G (V,E), where
    V 1,2,,n
  • Output The distance from vertex 1 to every other
    vertex in G.
  • X 1 Y 2,3,,n ?10
  • for y 2 to n do
  • if y is adjacent to 1 then ?ylength1,y
  • else ?y ? end if
  • end for
  • for j 1 to n 1 do
  • Let y ? Y be such that ?y is minimum
  • X X ?? y // add vertex y to X
  • Y Y ?- y // delete vertex y from Y
  • for each edge (y,w) do
  • if w ? Y and ?y lengthy,w lt ?w then
  • ?w ?y lengthy,w
  • end for
  • end for

9
Correctness of Dijkstras Algorithm
  • Lemma In Dijkstras algorithm, when a vertex y
    is chosen in Step 7, if its label ?y is finite
    then ?y ?? y.
  • Proof

10
Time Complexity
  • Mainly depends on how we implement step 7, i.e.,
    finding y s.t. ?y is minimum.
  • Approach 1 Scan through the vector representing
    current distances of vertices in Y
  • Approach 2 Use a min-heap to maintain vertices
    in the set Y

11
Minimum Cost Spanning Trees
  • Minimum Cost Spanning Tree (MST) Problem
  • Input An undirected weighted connected graph G.
  • Output The subgraph of G that
  • 1) has minimum total cost as measured by
    summing the weights of all the edges in the
    subset, and
  • 2) keeps the vertices connected.
  • What does such subgraph look like?

12
MST Example
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13
Kruskals Algorithm
  • Initially, each vertex is in its own MST.
  • Merge two MSTs that have the shortest edge
    between them.
  • Use a priority queue to order the unprocessed
    edges. Grab next one at each step.
  • How to tell if an edge connects two vertices that
    are already in the same MST?
  • Use the UNION/FIND algorithm with parent-pointer
    representation.

14
Example
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Kruskals MST Algorithm
  • Sort the edges of E(G) by weight in
    non-decreasing order
  • For each vertex v ? V(G) do
  • New_Tree(v) // creating tree with one root
    node v
  • T? // MST initialized to empty
  • While T lt n - 1 do
  • Let (u,v) be the next edge in E(G)
  • if FIND(u) ? FIND(v) then
  • T T ? (u,v)
  • UNION(u,v)
  • Return T

16
Asymptotic Analysis of Kruskals Algorithm
17
Correctness of Kruskals Algorithm
  • Lemma Algorithm Kruskal correctly finds a
    minimum cost spanning tree in a weighted
    undirected graph.
  • Proof
  • Theorem Algorithm Kruskals finds a minimum cost
    spanning tree in a weighted undirected graph in
    O(m log m) time, where m is the number of edges
    in G.

18
Prims Algorithm
  • Very similar to Dijkstras algorithm
  • Grows a minimum spanning tree from an arbitrary
    vertex u ? V

19
Idea of Prims Algorithm
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Y
X
20
Idea of Prims Algorithm (Cont.)
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Y
X
21
Prims Algorithm
  1. T ?? X1 Y V(G) 1
  2. while Y ? ? do
  3. Let (x,y) be of minimum weight such that x
    ? X and y ? Y.
  4. X X ? y
  5. Y Y y
  6. T T ? (x,y)
  7. end while

22
Example
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Prims MST Implementation
  • As with Dijkstras algorithm, the key issue is
    determining which vertex is next closest.
  • As with Dijkstras algorithm, the alternative is
    to use a priority queue (min-heap).
  • Running times for the two implementations are
    identical to the corresponding Dijkstras
    algorithm implementations.
  • For implementation details of the corresponding
    algorithms, check the book pages 245 and 247.

24
Correctness of Prims Algorithm
  • Lemma Algorithm Prim correctly finds a minimum
    cost spanning tree in a connected undirected
    graph.
  • Proof
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