High Tech Product Design and Rapid Prototyping ME221 MBA 290M INFOSYS 290'8

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High Tech Product Design andRapid
PrototypingME221 - MBA 290M - INFOSYS 290.8

• Prof. Paul Wright, A. Martin Berlin Chair in
  Mechanical Engineering
• Chief Scientist of CITRIS _at_ UC Berkeley
• Co-Director of the Berkeley Wireless
  Research Center
• Co-Director of the Berkeley Manufacturing
  Institute
• Week 4

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Product constraints

• Will your company make motes/electronics/sensors?
• Very difficult, given the present state of other
  companies already in the field
• Will your company use motes for a product that
  assumes an infrastructure?
• Challenging to work with big governments,
  bureaucracies (e.g City of Berkeley, or BART)
• Will you be a smart-design team like IDEO or
  Frog design that creates a product around a
  base-station and mobile system that can be used
  in a defined setting?...
• More likely to work

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This weeks homework (Wed.)

• Use disposable or digital camera to capture
  user-needs products, discuss in group
• Wednesday 9/20
• Groups first-idea on poster board
• Glimpse Collage 5
• Collection of photographs at first sight but with
  a glimpse of what people need --- or what they
  might do with a proposed product

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Looking ahead one assignment

• 9/27 Sketch best concept
• 200 word Scenario
• 8-12 frame Story Board these three items 10
• The Story Board is laid out to tell a story
  like a cartoon strip tells a story maybe without
  any words
• Our Story Board is not a cartoon in the funny
  sense (though it can be if you want to) More
  that it can temporally tell how the user
  interacts with the product

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Product Scenario

• The Moisture Peak is a moisture tool that is a
  wireless moisture meter for detecting water on or
  beneath various surfaces. This device will
  include a hand held device called the Peak and
  a detachable pin set called the Probe.

Peak
Pencil Sketch
Probe
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4 weeks later
Boy, Im glad you bought the Moisture Peak, look
how good our tomatoes turned out this season!!
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Products for this semester

• Energy products (Nate Ota)
• Healthcare products (Ravi Nemana and Trevor
  Pering)
• But of course you have a free choice of any other
  topic that is creative
• First some possible examples from Ravi
• Mote review
• A new paradigm for distributed sensing

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Main take away today Since mid-90s
convergence of sensing, computing and
communication

• Small, low-cost, low-power computer (mote)
• The computer monitors one or more sensors
  temperature, light, sound, position,
  acceleration, vibration, stress, weight,
  pressure, humidity, etc.
• The computer(s) connect to the base-station
  and/or other motes with a radio link. The radio
  link we will use allows a mote to transmit at a
  50m range indoors / 125m range outdoors Power
  consumption, size and cost are the barriers to
  longer distances. Since a fundamental concept
  with motes is tiny size (and associated tiny
  cost), small and low-power radios are normal, not
  seen to be a disadvantage.

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Macro to Micro Computers
Stand alone computers 1960s

Connected computers 1980s
Distributed computers 2000s
Smart Dust 2010
Vast reduction in cost, but additional capability
Adapted from Various Sources E.g. G. Bell, R.
Newton, J, Rabaey, D. Culler, DR research team
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Basic Sensing Local Computing Communications
Computing at a Base Station including a
Decision (e.g. sensor shows an out of desirable
range)

• Sensor (AtoD) linked to a tiny computer
• Possible to do some local averaging etc
• Digital information shared with other computers
  in a network using garbage band frequencies
• 450 MHz
• 900 MHz
• 2.4 GHz
• Point to point
• Star
• Mesh

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E-M SPECTRUM
ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
LF HF UHF MICROWAVE LIGHT
XRAYS
AM
RADAR
FM. TV
CELL
Cosmic Gamma XRays
13.56 MHz
InfraRed Rainbow UltraViolet
900 MHz
2.45 GHz
134 KHz 125 KHz
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Motes http//www.moteiv.com/

• Please go to this website to see the hardware and
  software we will be using
• Tmote Sky hardware platform
• The Tmote Sky sensor suite is an on-board sensor
  suite that can be optionally included with each
  Tmote Sky device. The sensor suite includes
  humidity, temperature, photosynthetically active
  (PAR), and total solar radiation (TSR) sensors.
  The humidity and temperature sensor is produced
  by Sensirion, and the light sensors are produced
  by Hamamatsu.
• Boomerang 2.0.4 software for sending information
  between motes (e.g. a temperature signal)

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How Things Connect
motes
e.g. your application
Port
Serial Forwarder
e.g. REM
USB conn.
Trawler
Base station Programming Board
Internet
Trawler is a client of the serial forwarded
server (makes sensor network data available to
higher level applications)
you
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IEEE 802.15.4 compliant device

• 250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless
  Transceiver
• Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices
  
• 8MHz Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller
  (10kB RAM, 48kB Flash)
• Integrated ADC, DAC, Supply Voltage Supervisor,
  and DMA Controller
• Integrated onboard antenna with 50m range indoors
  / 125m range outdoors
• Optional Integrated Humidity, Temperature, and
  Light sensors

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Summary version IEEE 802.15.4 compliant device

• Wireless mesh networking
• 250kbps radio
• 10kB RAM
• 48kB flash
• 1MB storage
• Integrated on-board antenna providing up to 125
  meter range
• 12-bit ADC and DAC
• USB protocol for programming

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IEEE 802.15.4 compliant device

• Ultra low current consumption
• Fast wakeup from sleep (lt6us)
• Hardware link-layer encryption and authentication
  
• Programming and data collection via USB
• 16-pin expansion support and optional SMA antenna
  connector
• TinyOS support mesh networking and
  communication implementation
• FCC modular certification conforms to all US
  and Canada regulations

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..http//www.tinyos.net/faq.htmlltlt

• http//www.tinyos.net/faq.html
• TinyOS is an event-based operating system
  intended for use in sensor networks. TinyOS uses
  a programming model that is based on the concept
  of integrating' software components together to
  produce a working program.
• TinyOS is developed for ad-hoc communication, not
  reliability
• Limited resources (memory) requiring very
  efficient resource allocation

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Real Performance of TinyOS Packet Loss
Better
Worse
Increasing Transmission Frequency
Shane Erickson, SUPERB
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TinyOS Not a traditional OS

• Non-blocking Asynchronous
• Events (I hear something on the radio)
• Commands (turn on the light)
• Tasks (average the last 10 sensor values)
• Sum of components together Application

non-blocking event-based app-specific scheduler
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Visualization of TinyOS
Source Culler et al.
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Looking ahead to a future week

• Backup slides
• Anticipating FAQs on motes versus RFIDs

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Comparison with RFID 3 Main RFID types for
purposes of keeping things simple for now

• A. Low Frequency LF (125 KiloHertz) and High
  Frequency HF (13.56 MegaHertz)
• The initial deployments of RFID operating at a
  low frequency band and relying on magnetic coil
  readers
• B. Ultra High Frequency UHF (900 MegaHertz)
• Now the current area of excitement for
  identifying many tags at once over a greater
  distance than LF or HF and relying on a radio
  frequency reader

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And again to defuse any mystery about the
technology

• Every time we check out of a store like the Gap a
  simple one-bit RFID is used to check for a
  remaining security tag on your clothes
• Needs large cage like structure adjacent to door
  to emit strong enough magnetic field to a
  remaining tag
• One-bit (on/off) signal sounds alarm if a tag is
  present on item of clothing

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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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Tag types

• Passive Transponders (Tags)
• LF, HF, UHF

• Active Transponders (Tags)
• UHF 400, 900 MHz, 2.45 GHz

• Semi-Passive Tags such as the FasTrak
• 900MHz or 2.45 GHz

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FasTrak on Bay Bridge

• Not an LF or HF passive tag
• Semi-active tag FasTrak
• Battery inside (or some sort of power source)
• Radio Frequency allows wake up of system and
  battery provides the strength to send signal back
  to reader

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Low Frequency (125KHz) RFID

• Passive
• Gets energy from reader to power antennae
• Magnetic field loops around
• Tags work because reader produces a magnetic
  field zone --- field changes enough to activate
  chips (door reader)
• Make larger antenna --- Or have a bigger flux to
  read further (Bigger net catches more fish)

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High Frequency HF (13MHz)

• Same
• Magnetic fields are always present again
• Pros Cons ---
• Pro High Frequency allow photo-etching of
  antenna and so tags are very cheap to manufacture
• Trade offs delicate so must be in limited
  package and the range of HF is often less than
  LF
• (LF more kinds of form factor)

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What happens inside the LF and HF readers?

• 1. A magnetic coil (say on our lab door) is the
  physical interface between the reader and the
  world
• 2. An integrated circuit in the reader sends
  signals to an oscillator, creating an alternating
  current in the readers coil

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From Jan 2004Scientific American
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When you walk up with your tag

• 3. The coil in the reader sits there creating a
  field for any tag that arrives and is close
  enough (a few inches say) to be activated
• 4. So the magnetic coil in the reader interacts
  with the coil in the tag, to induce a current the
  causes a charge to flow into the capacitor on the
  tagA diode in the tags circuit allows charge to
  build up

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The circuit for the tag ID

• 4. The charge accumulates in the capacitor and at
  a critical voltage level, the tags integrated
  circuit (IC) is activated and this transmits the
  ID
• 5. High and low levels of the digital signal from
  the IC corresponding to the ones and zeros
  encoding the ID-number, turn the transistor on
  and off

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Transmission

• 6. The transistor turns off and on, varying the
  resistance of the tag circuit, consequently
  creating a varying magnetic filed in the tags
  coil. The tags coil then interacts with the
  readers coil.
• 7. Magnetic fluctuations cause changes in the
  current flow from the readers coil to the
  readers A/D converter, and these are in the same
  pattern as the ones and zeros transmitted by the
  tag.