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Frontal Lobe

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shot through the left side of his head when a spark ignited the dynamite. ... inhibition of fundamental reflexes such as grasp and sucking. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Frontal Lobe


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Frontal Lobe Language
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Phineas Gage
  • Phineas Gage was foreman of a dynamite crew
    working for the Rutland and Burlington Railroad
    in New England when a tapping iron, more than a
    meter in length and weighing 6 kg. shot through
    the left side of his head when a spark ignited
    the dynamite. Recovered in weeks but according to
    friends "Gage was no longer Gage." childlike,
    impulsive, given to profanity and drinking. He
    was fired, worked in a livery stable. then to
    South America to establish a coach line. Returned
    8 years later, dying of epilepsy. He carried the
    tamping iron with him all those years.

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Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Orbitofrontal cortex inhibits hypothalamus, the
    area responsible for basic appetitive behaviors
    such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating.

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  • 1890 - Friederich Golz calms dogs by cutting
    their brains.
  • 1935 - Following demonstration by Jacobson and
    Fulton that frontal lobe mutilation produced a
    "calming effect" in monkeys, Antonio Egaz Moniz
    cut the frontal lobes of 20 of his psychiatric
    patients and reported a similar "calming" effect.
  • 1936 - Walter Freeman and James Watts introduce a
    surgical technique for frontal lobe lobotomy into
    the U.S.A. Early 'technique' involved drilling
    burrholes, later Freeman developed his famous
    transorbital approach pushing literally an
    icepick into the brain via the eye sockets.
  • 1942 - The icepick lobotomy has spread worldwide
    and by now approximately 5000 people are
    lobotomised each year during the 1940's!
  • 1949 - Egaz Moniz wins nobel prize for his
    lobotomy techniques.

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Neural Darwinism growth selection (or
exuberance and elimination)
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  • Gray matter maturation myelination doesnt
    finish in frontal lobe until 30 y or so
  • Adults use frontal lobe to recognize emotions
    teens use amygdala

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  • Right DLF mentalizing deception

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Frontal Lobe Functions
  • Environmental Control of Behavior
  • Difficulties using cues from the environment to
    direct, control, or change personal behavior.
  • Impaired ability to inhibit responses, leading to
    perseveration.
  • Breaking rules and taking risks (e.g. gambling)
    not following task instructions
  • Temporal Memory Impairment 
  • Short-term memory impairment
  • Judgments about recency
  • Impaired Interpersonal Behaviors Social Sexual
  • Social sexual behavior inappropriate or altered
    from previous forms
  • Pseudodepression Pseudopsychopathy
  • Motor Function Disturbances
  • Loss of fine movement
  • Loss of speed and strength in hand limb
    movement
  • Poor programming of movements
  • Poor voluntary eye gaze
  • Broca's aphasia
  • Loss of Divergent Thinking
  • Frontal lobe damage shows a loss of divergent
    thinking in various forms (multiple correct
    answers).
  • Loss of spontaneous behavior, e.g., speaking
    verbal fluency, graphic designs doodling,
    overall behavioral output (lethargy, initiation
    of daily routines
  • Impaired strategy formation planning,
    especially in response to novel situations

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  • Personality change
  • Environmental dependency
  • Mood disorders
  • OCD

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  • Poor organizational strategies
  • Poor memory search strategies
  • Stimulus-bound behavior/environmental dependency
  • Impaired set shifting and maintenance

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Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
  • Response inhibition - perseveration failures

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Tower of Hanoi
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NAME INK COLORS
  • GLP
  • XTPD
  • RSLGT
  • ZMQ
  • WXFG
  • HLBG

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NAME INK COLORS
  • MAPLE
  • BAR
  • HORSE
  • CHILD
  • CLOUD
  • FORK

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NAME INK COLORS
  • GLP
  • XTPD
  • RSLGT
  • ZMQ
  • SPR
  • HLBG
  • OSLGT
  • ZQX
  • RTRE
  • YYP
  • WXFG

ROSLG GWL SLPD RSLGT OMQ FGYT JBB RSLGT XLL LLFG T
LG
WXFG GLP RMS MQL XTPD RSLGT TTG HBG UJU LGT ZQP
XLL ROLG GWL SLPD RGR ZMQ FGYT JUQ ELGT LLFG TLG
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NAME INK COLORS
  • RED
  • GREEN
  • BLUE
  • BLUE
  • RED
  • BROWN
  • GREEN
  • RED
  • GREEN
  • BLUE
  • BROWN

RED GREEN BLUE GREEN BROWN RED BLUE GREEN RED GREE
N BROWN
BLUE RED RED BLUE BROWN GREEN RED BLUE GREEN RED B
ROWN
RED BLUE GREEN BLUE BROWN RED GREEN BLUE RED GREEN
BROWN
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Stroop Task
  • Reading is overlearned, difficult to stop
  • Meaning of color word competes with ink name when
    incongruent ink-word correspondence
  • Ability to Inhibit Automatic Processes

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Frontal Lobe Functions
  • Frontal areas modulate and control motor
    function, emotion, attention and other cognitive
    activity.
  • Impairments can be considered specific deficits
    of control.
  • Cognitive Impairment
  • IQ is unaffected, however subtle cognitive
    impairments remain.

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  • Impaired Abstract Reasoning and Hypothesis
    testing
  • failure to maintain goal-directed behavior.
  • inability to perform abstract reasoning (requires
    complex associations between semantic elements,
    identifying super-ordinate categories
  • failure to generalize experiences into rules or
    general principles
  • Mental flexibility (set shifting problems) and
    distractibility
  • Disturbance of Behavior and Personality
  • lack of originality and creativity
  • inappropriate emotions and behavior, with little
    awareness of it
  • difficulty initiating behavior or stopping when
    started (perseveration).
  • Language Impairment
  • Low verbal production, little initiation of
    conversation, sometimes to mutism.

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  • Impairment of Social Behavior
  • deficits in maintaining appropriate social
    responses. (even minor deviations in social
    behavior are noticeable).
  • generating appropriate behavioral options in
    social situations and choosing the best
    alternative. Often base behavior on concrete
    simple motivations and cannot comprehend more
    complex or abstract reasons for acting.
  • Confabulation and Reduplication Syndrome
  • tend to fabricate quick, impulsive answers to
    questions.
  • reduplication. Claims current environment (e.g.,
    hospital) is actually another place.
  • Impairment of Motor Function
  • Problems with highly controlled, volitional
    components of motor control.
  • perseveration, incoordination, motor
    impersistence and hypokinesia as well as
    ideomotor apraxia. Worse for opposite
    extremities.
  • Impairment of Reflexes
  • inhibition of fundamental reflexes such as grasp
    and sucking. Patient will grasp when palm
    stroked. Patient cannot release object even when
    told to attend to the hand. Or patient compelled
    to suck on an object placed in his/her lips.

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Understanding Language
  • Speech Origins phylogeny, ontogeny
    (glottogenesis)
  • Language Acquisition Failures autism, deaf of
    hearing parents, feral/neglected, phonological
    and syntactical problems
  • Language Loss aphasias, hemispherectomy, split
    brain
  • Normal development individual differences,
    bilingualism
  • Cultural differences
  • Its use and creation

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What is Language?
  • Unique to humans or not
  • Continuity vs discontinuity theories
  • Nature of language
  • What constitutes language?
  • Essential features

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Semanticity -- Specific signals can be matched
    with specific meanings.

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Arbitrariness -- No necessary connection between
    the form of the signal and the thing being
    referred to. No resemblance of elements.
    (Onomatopoeic words are not entirely arbitrary.)

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Discreteness -- Basic units of speech (such as
    sounds) belongs to distinct categories. No
    gradual, continuous shading from one to another
    in the linguistic system. Speakers perceive
    either a p or a b, but not as blend, even if
    waveform falls somewhere between the two.

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Displacement -- Speaker can talk about things
    which are not present, spatially or temporally.

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Productivity -- Human languages allow speakers to
    create novel, never-before-heard utterances that
    others can understand.

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Traditional Transmission -- Individual is not
    born knowing their entire communication system
    (not entirely hard-wired) but must learn much
    about it to use it.

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Hocketts Design Features
  • Duality of patterning -- Discrete parts of a
    language can be recombined, reordered to create
    new forms.

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Aphasia
  • Loss or impairment of language comprehension or
    production

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Aphasias
Brocasnonfluentcompr okrep poor Wernickesfluentcompr poorrep poor conductionfluentcompr okrep poor
anomicfluentcompr okrep ok transcortical sensorynonfluentcompr poorrep poor transcortical motornonfluentcompr okrep ok
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Spontaneous Speech
  • Fluent versus nonfluent
  • Paraphasias
  • Word finding difficulties
  • Articulation
  • Effort
  • Prosody

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Auditory Comprehension
  • Single words
  • Phrases
  • Whole body commands
  • Syntax

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  • Repetition
  • Single words
  • Phrases
  • Reading
  • Single words
  • Phrases
  • Token test

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Non-fluent Aphasias
  • Brocas aphasia
  • Global aphasia
  • Transcortical motor aphasia
  • Mixed transcortical aphasia

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Fluent Aphasias
  • Wernickes aphasia
  • Anomic Aphasia
  • Conduction aphasia
  • Transcortical sensory aphasia

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  • Conduction Aphasia
  • Fluent speech
  • Good comprehension
  • Poor repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Possibly lesion in arcuate fasciculus or its
    connections in inferior parietal lobule
  • Wernickes Aphasia
  • Fluent speech
  • Poor comprehension
  • Poor repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Posterior superior temporal lobe lesion (first
    temporal gyrus)

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  • Brocas Aphasia
  • Non-fluent speech
  • Good comprehension
  • Poor repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Posterior inferior frontal lesion
  • Global Aphasia
  • Non-fluent speech
  • Poor comprehension
  • Poor repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Lesion involves frontal, temporal and parietal
    lobes, Including Brocas and Wernickes area

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  • Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
  • Fluent speech
  • Poor comprehension
  • Good repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Lesion in posterior temporo-parietooccipital
    junction while sparing Wernickes area
  • Transcortical Motor Aphasia
  • Non-fluent speech
  • Good comprehension
  • Good repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Lesion involves frontal lobe but spares Brocas
    area

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  • Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
  • Non-fluent speech
  • Poor comprehension
  • Good repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Anterior and posterior association cortex lesions
    while sparing perisylvian language region
  • Anomic Aphasia
  • Fluent speech
  • Good comprehension
  • Good repetition
  • Poor naming
  • Temporal or temporo-parietal lesion

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The Hierarchy of Language
  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Syntax
  • Semantics
  • Prosody
  • Paralinguistics
  • Pragmatics

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Phonology
  • Sound pattern of language, including basic
    elements (phonemes) and rules of combination
  • Analogous to graphemes p vs /p/
  • 45 or so English phonemes
  • Infants can identify all 60 human phonemes until
    age 8 months

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Morphology
  • Structure of words and rules for building words
    out of elements
  • Morpheme smallest unit of meaning
  • Free vs bound morphemes
  • Lexicon our knowledge of words word formation
    rules

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Syntax
  • Structure of sentences and rules for building
    propositions from words
  • Role of order in changing meaning

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Semantics
  • Meaning at level of words, phrases, sentences

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Prosody
  • Alter sounds within phonemic category to change
    meaning of message stress, elongate

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Paralinguistics
  • Non-linguistic sounds, movements, gestures that
    augment flow of language (body language, vocal
    qualifiers, intonation)

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Pragmatics
  • Rules for how literal meaning is altered by
    social context

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