Extensions Role In Renewable Energy and Agriculture The Pennsylvania State University November 15, 2

1
Extensions Role In Renewable Energy and
AgricultureThe Pennsylvania State
UniversityNovember 15, 2007

• Joseph A. Dunn, Ph.D.
• Special Advisor to the Under Secretary
• Research, Education, and Economics Mission Area
• And
• Executive Director, National Agricultural
  Research, Extension, Education and Economics
  Advisory Board
• USDA

2
U.S. Department of Agriculture
3
Research, Education, and Economics
4
The National Agricultural Research,
Extension, Education, and Economics (NAREEE)
Advisory Board.

• Provides advice to the Secretary of Agriculture,
  agricultural colleges and universities and
  certain members of Congress on top priorities and
  policies for food and agricultural research,
  education, extension and economics.
• Includes 31 Members, each of which represent a
  specific category of U.S. agricultural
  stakeholders, as mandated by Congress.
• The Board
• Holds regional and national stakeholder listening
  sessions
• Develops consolidated advice in the form of
  reports and recommendations based on stakeholder
  input that is vital to the current and future
  success of food, forestry, and agricultural
  programs.
• Consults with appropriate agricultural committees
  of the U.S. Congress

5
NAREEE Advisory Board.

• 2007 Reports and Recommendations
• Specialty Crops
• Germplasm
• Water Quality and Quantity
• Bioenergy and Bioproducts
• Food Safety
• Farm Bill
• Relevancy and Adequacy of Funding
• National Agriculture Library
• 2008 Reports and Recommendations
• Organic Agriculture
• Extension and Rural Development

6
Biofuels A New Paradigm for Agriculture

• Policy
• Why now?
• Initiatives
• Goals
• Markets
• Feed and Food vs Fuel
• Research
• Feedstocks
• Conversion
• Sustainability

7
Why Now?

• Environmental concerns
• Transportation uses 67 of crude oil (C02, NOx,
  SOx)
• Economics
• 100 barrel crude
• Surge of new jobs in EtOH/biodiesel industry
• Enhance rural economies
• National Security
• We produced 46 of our own oil supply in in 2006
• 38 in 2010

8
Top World Oil Consumers (US has only 5 of
worlds population)
(million barrels per day)
9
World Oil Reserves by Country(Total 1.1
Trillion Barrels)
Source DOE/EIA, International Energy Outlook
2006
10
Products Made From a 42 U.S. Gallon Barrel of
Crude Oil
11
More Than Gasoline. . .

• Pesticides
• Fertilizers
• Irrigation
• Our food storage, production, and transportation
  systems are all dependent on oil

12
Energy Policy Act of 2005. 2006 State of the
Union Address.

• Change how we power our automobiles
• Advanced battery technologies plug-in hybrids
• Hydrogen fuel cells by 2020
• Make cellulosic ethanol practical within 6 years
• Change how we power our homes and offices
• Clean Coal
• Nuclear Energy
• Renewable Energy

13
20 in 10

• 2007 State of the Union Address further
  emphasized alternative fuels
• Increase supply of renewable and alternative
  fuels
• Set Alternative Fuels Standards (AFS) at 35
  billion gallons per year by 2017
• Nearly 5X the current Renewable Fuels Standard
  for 2012
• 15 of projected annual gasoline use in 2017
• Increase vehicle efficiency
• Reform and modernize the Corporate Average Fuel
  Efficiency (CAFE) standards
• 5 of projected annual gasoline use in 2017

14
Agricultural Energy Conservation Practices
Already Underway

• Crop Residue Management
• Nutrient Management
• Irrigation Management
• Precision Agriculture
• Pesticide Management
• Prescribed Grazing
• Windbreaks and Shelter Belts

15

Impact of Conservation Pracrices on Annual Fuel
Usage

• Use of gasoline and diesel fuel in agriculture
  has dropped 40 since 1973
• gallons of fuel to produce 1 ton of grain has
  decreased 59

16
Energy Conservation

• Reduce direct and indirect energy costs
• Capture more nutrients from animal wastes

17
Indirect Energy Conservation

• Doubling the application of manure-based nitrogen
  could save agriculture approximately 1.2 billion
  worth of natural gas each year.
• Substituting manure for commercial fertilizer can
  reduce fertilizer costs as much as 85 per acre

18
How Will the U.S. Become More Energy
Self-sufficient?

• Multiple approaches
• Short-term
• Ethanol, biodiesel, hybrid electric
• Improve energy efficiency
• Maintain and enhance the diversity of current
  supplies
• CONSERVE!
• Intermediate-term
• Cellulosic ethanol
• Nuclear
• Long-term
• Hydrogen fuel cells
• Hydrogen fusion

19
U.S. Ethanol Capacity Growing Rapidly. (Current
production is at 7 Billion Gallons. Will be13
Billion by 2009)
20
To Meet Current Demand, We are Producing More!
2007 Corn Crop is 26 larger in 2007 than 2006
21
Ethanols Impact on Crop Sector

• Corn
• Higher prices
• Reduced exports and domestic use
• Lower stocks
• Increased acreage
• Soybeans
• Lower acreage for competing crops, particularly
  soybeans
• Reduced exports, domestic use, and stocks
• Higher prices

22
Other Effects of Higher Corn Prices

• Higher corn feeding costs
• Prices for red meats, poultry and eggs are
  expected to rise

23
Next Generation Bioenergy Advantages of
CELLULOSIC BIOMASS

• Wide variety of feedstocks
• Significant replacement of fossil energy
• Multiple conversion processes and products
• Higher performance for energy balance GHG
  reductions
• Participation across all U.S. regions

24
Current Availability of Biomass From Agricultural
Lands(Currently194 Million Tons. Need 1 Billion
to Replace 30!)
25
Biomass diverse feedstock Many advantages but
also challenges
26
Current Biomass Resources and Markets
27
Current Process and Cost Challenges of Cellulosic
Ethanol
Key processing cost elements ()
Biomass Feedstock 33 Feed handling
5 Pretreatment/conditioning 18 Enzymatic
hydrolysis 12 Enzyme production (Cellulase)
9 Distillation and solids recovery 10 Wastewater
treatment 4 Boiler/Turbogenerator (net 4)
4 Utilities 4 Storage 1
Pretreatment and biological elements key to cost
Source NREL (2006)
28
Significant cost reductionsfrom recent biotech
advances in enzyme technology
Source Russo (2006)
29
Biomass-to-bioenergy Many conversion processes
and marketable products
30
Where Does Agriculture Fit Within the Energy
Picture for the U.S.?

• Producing crops and residues to make biofuels and
  energy
• Using agricultural lands as alternative energy
  sites

31
USDAs Role in Renewable Energy

• Research
• Developing technologies to turn crops, wastes,
  and residues into biofuels
• Using biotechnology to develop new bioenergy
  crops
• Creating biobased products that reduce petroleum
  use
• Developing technologies to increase production
  and improve efficiency
• Education/Extension
• Training and deploying highly skilled workforces
• Transferring experimental results to practice
• Rural Development
• Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency
  Improvements Program
• Helping farms produce and save energy
• Energy estimators for irrigation, nitrogen, and
  tillage

32
USDAs Commitment to Renewable Energy
33
USDA/REE Energy Strategy Coordination

• BRDi Board and Advisory Committee
• NAREEE Advisory Board
• USDA Energy Council
• The Biobased Products and Bioenergy Coordination
  Council (BBCC)
• REEs Agricultural Bioenergy and Bioproducts
  Research, Education and Economics Council
  (ABBREE)
• REEs Energy Team
• Joe Dunn
• Jim Fischer
• Stan Johnson
• REEs Energy Science and Education Plan

34
Extensions Role

• 4-H Energy Curricula
• Working with State Energy Offices bringing new
  technologies to communities
• Katrina recoveryensuring housing rebuilt in the
  area is energy efficient
• 21st century farms showcase energy crop potential
  and farm conservation of energy

35
Opportunities for Extension

• Work with DOE on codes and direct efficiency
  measures for residents and builders.
• Assist in developing regional biofuels feed
  stocks
• Assist in the marketing of biofuels
• Conduct state-wide renewable fuels education
• Conduct state wide educational programs for
  potential investors in biofuel facilities
• Develop programs to assist in upgrading housing
  and other facilities for energy conservation and
  efficiency
• Conduct joint programs with the Experiment
  Stations and National Labs (both USDA and DOE)
  bringing the technologies from research to the
  States citizens

36
Desired Outcomes

• Improve national security and the U.S. trade
  balance
• Help America transition to renewable sources of
  energy and other goods
• Realize important environmental benefits
• Realize significant, new, sustainable economic
  opportunities for rural America
• Realize secure sources of energy for rural
  America

37
USDA Bioenergy Research(REE, RD and NRC Mission
Areas)

• Energy crop research
• Developing new plant varieties for biofuels
  feedstocks
• Ethanol
• Processing
• Developing new microbes and enzymes for
  conversion
• Developing valuable co-products from ethanol
  production

• Biodiesel
• Processing
• Quality and performance
• Other
• Methane from manure
• Thermo-chemical and biological conversion of
  biomass to hydrogen
• On-farm and remote renewable energy systems

38
USDAs Bioenergy Research Objectives

• Develop and deploy production and conversion
  technologies
• Develop and deploy renewable energy technologies
  to farmers
• Improve efficiency in agricultural and forestry
  operations

39
Research Approaches Short-term

• Research to
• Increase generation of renewable energy in rural
  communities
• Improve the existing, commercial technologies for
  converting biomass to bioenergy and bioproducts
• Promote the integrated biorefinery concept of
  biofuels and bioproducts coproduction
• Improve the energy efficiency of agricultural and
  forestry operations

40
Research Approaches Mid-term

• Research to enable commercial deployment of new
  technologies which significantly expand
  production of
• Bioethanol
• Biodiesel
• Biobutanol
• Biopetroleum
• Commercially deploy value-added co-products that
  arise from these processes.

41
Research ApproachesLong-term

• Research to acquire and exploit fundamental
  scientific knowledge to develop technologies for
  producing future fuels and bioproducts from
  biomass

42
Cell Wall Initiative

• National and international effort
• Using genomics to understand and manipulate genes
  that control cell wall content and synthesis
• Developing and modifying biofeedstock

43
New Energy Crops

• Switch Grass
• Field Peas
• Barley
• Alfalfa
• Fescue
• Miscanthus
• Sugar Cane
• Giant Reed
• Agricultural Wastes

Giant soybeans for bioenergy
44
Bioenergy From Manure

• Biochemical
• Maximize the production of biogas via anaerobic
  digestion
• Thermochemical
• Gasification and pyrolysis technologies to
  produce methane and/or synthesis gas

45
Conversion Research(Biological and
Thermochemical)

• Biorefinery
• Processes
• Organisms
• Product separation
• Efficiency

46
Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor,
Pennsylvania

• Decrease the cost of fuel-ethanol and biodiesel
• Develop new, high value industrial products and
  cost efficient processing technologies

47
National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research, Peoria, Illinois

• Metabolic engineering technologies for conversion
  processes
• Identifying and introducing potential alternative
  crops
• Using biocatalysts to develop novel products from
  traditional and new crops

48
Western Regional Research Center, Albany,
California

• Genetic engineering of industrial use plants
• Conversion and processing technologies
• Creating new enzymes

49
SOURCE National Biodiesel Board
50
Biodiesel Research

• Improve cold weather performance
• Develop fuel formulations that reduce exhaust
  emissions
• Improve fuel quality
• Enhance oxidative stability
• Develop rapid methods to assess fuel quality
• Develop specialty chemicals from and other uses
  for biodiesel coproducts

51
Ensuring Sustainability

• Optimal crop yields with minimal inputs
• On-farm energy sources
• Sustainable energy from agriculture
• Feedstock production
• Waste water treatment technologies

52
Co-products

• Research to
• Develop new and valuable co-products
• Improve quality and functionality
• Co-products for
• Food
• Feed
• Biobased industrial

53
Major Bioenergy Projects Funded by USDA

• Genetic Engineering of Yeast for Co-Fermenting
  all 5 Cellulosic Sugars to Ethanol
• Genetic Engineering of Cellulose Biosynthesis in
  Trees
• Gasification and fermentation technologies to
  produce ethanol and chemicals
• Recycling of energy, chemicals, and materials
  from agricultural processing wastes
• Development of an aviation-grade ethanol
• Biodiesel Fuel Education Program

54
U.S. Forest Service

• Develop integrated systems for small-diameter
  trees, forest residues, and woody crops
• Reduce costs and improve utilization
• Develop innovations in new products, conversion
  processes, and commercialization

55
Conclusions

• Energy security economic and national security
• Biofuels offer agriculture and forestry a
  tremendous economic opportunity
• Expansion is only possible with achievements on
  multiple frontshigher crop yields, more acres
  planted to energy crops, alternative feedstocks,
  higher value co-products, and more efficient
  conversion and distribution systems for both
  feedstocks and biofuels.
• Research, education and Extension are vital to
  our success
• The use of biotechnology will be key

56
Agriculture and Forestry the Nations Renewable
Energy Companies