PLECOPTERA: THE STONEFLIES

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PLECOPTERA THE STONEFLIES

• CHAPTER 14
• Biology 6510

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OTHER RESOURCES

• VALID STONEFLY NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICA STARK,
  BAUMANN DeWalt http//plsa.inhs.uiuc.edu/plecopt
  era/validnames.html
• ILLIESIA, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STONEFLY
  RESEARCH, http//www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/

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OTHER RESOURCES

• Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera
  (Plecoptera) 2nd ed. Stewart Stark, 2002. The
  Caddis Press
• American Stoneflies A Photographic Guide to the
  Plecoptera. Stark et al., 1998. The Caddis Press
• Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Eastern North
  America. Stark Armitage (eds). Volume 1- 2000
  Volume 2- 2004

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PLECOPTERA DIVERSITY

• 2 SUBORDERS
• Arctoperlaria (Holarctic, Ethiopian, Neotropical,
  Australian, New Zealand)
• Antarctoperlaria (Neotropical, Australian, New
  Zealand)

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PLECOPTERA DIVERSITY

• Only Arctoperlaria occur in Nearctic area
• Group Systellognatha
• FAMILY CHLOROPERLIDAE
• FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE
• FAMILY PERLIDAE
• FAMILY PERLODIDAE
• FAMILY PTERONARCYIDAE

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PLECOPTERA DIVERSITY

• Arctoperlaria (cont.)
• Group Euholognatha
• FAMILY CAPNIIDAE
• FAMILY LEUCTRIDAE
• FAMILY NEMOURIDAE
• FAMILY TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

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PLECOPTERA DIVERSITY

• 9 NEARCTIC FAMILIES
• 104 NEARCTIC GENERA
• 670 KNOWN NEARCTIC SPECIES
• 3200 WORLD SPECIES
• 16 WORLD FAMILIES

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PLECOPTERA FEATURES

• STRICTLY AQUATIC AS IMMATURES USUALLY FOUND IN
  CLEAN RUNNING WATER
• NYMPHS MAY OCCUR IN HYPORHEA, LEAF PACKS, UNDER
  ROCKS, ETC.
• ADULTS USUALLY FOUND NEAR STREAMS, HIDING UNDER
  ROCKS, BARK OR IN TREES, SOMETIMES FOUND ON
  BRIDGE RAILINGS OR AT LIGHTS

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NYMPH FEATURES

• LONG ANTENNAE, CERCI
• 3 TARSAL SEGMENTS, 2 TARSAL CLAWS
• USUALLY WELL DEVELOPED WINGPADS
• 2 OR 3 OCELLI
• GILLS PRESENT OR ABSENT USUALLY ON THORAX OR
  ABDOMEN VENTER IF PRESENT
• CHLORIDE CELLS SCATTERED ON MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES

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NYMPH FEATURES

• FOOD HABITS VARY, ABOUT HALF THE SPECIES ARE
  DETRITOVORES OR HERBIVORES (SHREDDER/SCRAPER) AND
  ABOUT HALF ARE PREDATOR-ENGULFERS
• LIFE CYCLES VARY, MANY ARE UNIVOLTINE (SLOW OR
  FAST) AND OTHERS ARE SEMIVOLTINE

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ADULT FEATURES

• LONG ANTENNAE, CERCI VARY FROM 1 TO MANY SEGMENTS
• 3 TARSAL SEGMENTS, 2 TARSAL CLAWS
• USUALLY 2 PAIR OF WINGS, SOME WINGLESS (APTEROUS)
  OR WITH SHORT WINGS (BRACHYPTEROUS)
• 2 OR 3 OCELLI

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ADULT FEATURES

• GILL REMNANTS PRESENT OR ABSENT IN SAME
  POSITIONS AS IN NYMPHS
• HIND WING USUALLY MUCH WIDER THAN FOREWING DUE TO
  ENLARGED ANAL REGION
• HIND WING FOLDED, BOTH WINGS FLATTENED OVER BODY

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FAMILY PTERONARCYIDAE

• SALMONFLIES
• THREE OCELLI
• HIGHLY BRANCHED GILLS, OR REMNANTS, ON 1-2 OR 1-3
  ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS
• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR IN SIZE LACINIA
  WITH 3 TEETH MANDIBLES WITH MOLAR AREA,
  shredders
• Only MS genus Pteronarcys

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FAMILY PTERONARCYIDAE
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FAMILY PTERONARCYIDAE
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FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE

• ROACHFLIES
• TWO OCELLI
• ABDOMEN WITHOUT VENTRAL GILLS OR REMNANTS GILLS
  OFTEN PRESENT ABOVE LEGS, ON PARAPROCTS OR UNDER
  THORACIC PLATES
• Not known in MS

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FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE

• NYMPHS WITH OVERLAPPING STERNAL PLATES AND COXAL
  LOBE
• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR, LACINIA SCOOPED
  OFTEN WITH 3 TEETH, MANDIBLE WITH LARGE MOLAR
  AREA
• NYMPHS ARE SHREDDERS

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FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE
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FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE
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FAMILY PELTOPERLIDAE
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FAMILY PERLIDAE

• STONES
• 2 OR 3 OCELLI
• ABDOMEN WITHOUT VENTRAL GILLS OR REMNANTS THORAX
  WITH BRANCHED GILLS OR REMNANTS, SOME WITH ANAL
  GILLS
• Nymphs predators paraglossae larger than
  glossae
• MS genera Acroneuria, Paragnetina, Eccoptura,
  Agnetina, Perlesta, Perlinella, Neoperla, etc.

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FAMILY PERLIDAE
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FAMILY PERLIDAE
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FAMILY PERLODIDAE

• SPRINGFLIES
• 3 OCELLI
• 2 SUBFAMILIES PERLODINAE, ISOPERLINAE
• ISOPERLINAE WITHOUT GILLS MANY PERLODINAE HAVE
  SUBMENTAL GILLS AND SOME HAVE SIMPLE, FINGER-LIKE
  THORACIC GILLS ONE CALIFORNIA GENUS HAS LATERAL
  ABDOMINAL GILLS

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FAMILY PERLODIDAE

• PARAGLOSSAE LARGER THAN GLOSSAE NYMPHS ARE
  ENGULFERS
• 30 NORTH AMERICAN GENERA, 125 SPECIES
• MS genera Helopicus, Isogenoides, Diploperla,
  Isoperla

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FAMILY CHLOROPERLIDAE

• SALLFLIES
• 3 OCELLI
• ADULTS OFTEN PALE YELLOW OR GREEN BUT SOME DARKER
  SPECIES OCCUR
• NYMPHS ARE USUALLY PALE BROWN WITHOUT PATTERN,
  FOUND IN HYPORHEIC ZONE
• MS genera Alloperla, Haploperla

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FAMILY CHLOROPERLIDAE

• CERCI USUALLY SHORTER THAN ABDOMEN
• NO GILLS OR GILL REMNANTS
• PARAGLOSSAE LARGER THAN GLOSSAE NYMPHS ARE
  ENGULFERS
• LAST PALPAL SEGMENT MUCH SMALLER THAN ANTEAPICAL
  SEGMENT
• WINGPADS NOT STRONGLY DIVERGENT

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FAMILY CAPNIIDAE

• SNOWFLIES
• 3 OCELLI
• ADULTS USUALLY SMALL AND DARK BODIED
• NYMPHS USUALLY TAN WITHOUT PATERN, SOME ARE
  HYPORHEIC
• MS genera Nemocapnia, Allocapnia

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FAMILY CAPNIIDAE

• NO GILLS OR REMNANTS
• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR
• NYMPHS ARE SHREDDERS
• WINGPADS NOT DIVERGENT ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS 1-9
  WITH LATERAL PLEURAE

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FAMILY LEUCTRIDAE

• NEEDLEFLIES
• 3 OCELLI
• NYMPHS USUALLY TAN WITHOUT PATTERN, SOME ARE
  HYPORHEIC
• Only MS genus Leuctra

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FAMILY LEUCTRIDAE

• NO GILLS OR REMNANTS
• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR, NYMPHS ARE
  USUALLY SHREDDERS
• NYMPHAL WINGPADS USUALLY SLENDER AND PARALLEL
• NYMPHAL SEGMENTS 1-4 TO 1-7 WITH PLEURAE

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FAMILY LEUCTRIDAE

• MALE OFTEN WITH EPIPROCT, SOME WITHOUT BUT WITH
  PARAPROCTS WELL DEVELOPED
• MALE USUALLY WITH VENTRAL VESICLE ON SEGMENT 9
  OFTEN WITH DORSAL LOBES ON SEGMENT 7 OR 8 OR BOTH

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FAMILY NEMOURIDAE

• FORESTFLIES
• 3 OCELLI
• NYMPHS USUALLY BROWN WITHOUT PATTERN

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FAMILY NEMOURIDAE

• GILLS SOMETIMES PRESENT UNDER NECK (CERVICAL),
  BRANCHED OR SINGLE SOME WITHOUT GILLS
• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR, NYMPHS ARE
  USUALLY SCRAPERS
• MS genera Amphinemura, Shipsa, Prostoia

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FAMILY NEMOURIDAE

• MOST ADULTS WITH X-PATTERN OF VEINS FORMED WITH
  CORD
• NYMPHAL WINGPADS DIVERGENT
• MALE EPIPROCT WELL DEVELOPED PARAPROCTS ALSO
  DEVELOPED AND MOST WITH VENTRAL VESICLE ON
  SEGMENT 9

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FAMILY TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

• WILLOWFLIES
• 2 OR 3 OCELLI
• NYMPHS USUALLY DARK BROWN, SOME PATTERNED WITH
  SPOTS
• MS genera Taeniopteryx, Strophopteryx

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FAMILY TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

• MID TARSAL SEGMENT ALMOST AS LARGE AS OTHERS
• MOST WITHOUT GILLS, SOME WITH FINGER-LIKE COXAL
  GILL (OR GILL SCAR)
• SOME WITH LARGE TRIANGULAR PLATE ON 9TH ABDOMINAL
  SEGMENT

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FAMILY TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

• PARAGLOSSAE AND GLOSSAE SIMILAR, NYMPHS ARE
  USUALLY SHREDDERS OR SCRAPERS
• WINGPADS DIVERGENT