Biomemetics

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Defense University Research on Nanotechnology
Dr. Clifford Lau Office of Basic Research,
DUSD 703-696-0431 Clifford.lau_at_osd.mil or
lauc_at_onr.navy.mil
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Historical Perspective
DoD recognized the importance of
nanotechnology in the early 1980s when research
sponsored by DoD began to approach nanometer
scale, although we didnt call it nanotechnology
at the time.
1980 1990 2000
Microelectronics Physics Chemistry Materials Molec
ular biology
Nanotechnology (NNI)
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DoD Focused Areas in NNI
NANOELECTRONICS/NANOPHOTONICS/NANOMAGNETICS
Network Centric Warfare Information
Dominance Uninhabited Combat Vehicles Automation
/Robotics for Reduced Manning Effective training
through virtual reality Digital signal
processing and LPI communications
NANOMATERIALS BY DESIGN High Performance,
Affordable Materials Multifunction, Adaptive
(Smart) Materials Nanoengineered Functional
Materials Reduced Maintenance costs
BIONANOTECHNOLOGY - WARFIGHTER PROTECTION Chemica
l/Biological Agent detection/destruction Human
Performance/Health Monitor/Prophylaxis
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Enhanced warfighting capabilities
Chem-bio warfare defense Sensors with
improved detection sensitivity and selectivity,
decontamination Protective armors for the
warrior Strong, light-weight bullet-stopping
armors Reduction in weight of warfighting
equipment Miniaturization of sensors, computers,
comm devices, and power supplies High
performance platforms and weapons Greater
stealth, higher strength light-weight materials
and structures High performance information
technology Nanoelectronics for computers,
memory, and information systems Energy and
energetic materials Energetic nano-particles for
fast release explosives and slow release
propellants Uninhabited vehicles, miniature
satellites Miniaturization to reduce payload,
increased endurance and range
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DoD Investment on Nanotechnology
FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 DoD 70M 123M 180
M 201M
OSD 28M DARPA 101M Army 23M Navy
31M Air Force 18M
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DoD Programs in Nanotechnology

• OSD
• Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
  (MURI), DEPSCoR, NDSEG
• DARPA
• Bio-molecular microsystems, metamaterials,
  molecular electronics, spin electronics, quantum
• information sciences, nanoscale mechanical
  arrays
• Army
• Nanostructured polymers, quantum dots for IR
  sensing, nanoengineered clusters,
  nano-composites,
• Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology (ISN)
• Navy
• Nanoelectronics, nanowires and carbon nanotubes,
  nanostructured materials, ultrafine and thermal
• barrier nanocoatings, nanobio-materials and
  processes, nanomagnetics and non-volatile
  memories,
• IR transparent nanomaterials
• Air Force
• Nanostructure devices, nanomaterials by design,
  nano-bio interfaces, polymer nanocomposites,
• hybrid inorganic/organic nanomaterials,
  nanosensors for aerospace applications,
  nano-energetic
• particles for explosives and propulsion
• SBIR
• Nanotechnologies, quantum devices, bio-chem
  decontaminations

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DoDs participation in the NNI

• In FY2001, as a part of the NNI, DUSD supported
• nanotechnology as follows
• Graduate Fellowship under NDSEG (5M)
• 45 graduate students to major in nanotech
• 3-years at average of 45K/year
• All over the country,e.g. MIT, GIT, UCB, etc.
• Equipment for nanotechnology (7.25M)
• One year only
• DURINT research program (8.75M)
• 15M per year for 5 years

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FY01 DURINT Equipment Program
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FY01 DURINT Research Program
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The New Stochastic (Digital) SensorNon-Ensemble-A
veraged Information at the NanoscaleProf. Hagen
Bayley, Texas AM University
The Nanomachine ?-Hemolysin Channel
The Principle Single Channel Ion Conductance
Genetically Engineered M site
Analytes ion flow
Transiently bound analyte blocks ion flow
Lipid bilayer
Open site
av
pA
av
analyte-bound site
msec
Infinitely engineerable (e.g. M Site)
Analyte Signature
Analyte Concentration

• Issues Under Investigation
• Display options (supported
• bilayers, nanotubular membranes)
• Interrogation (microwave, optical)
• Multi-valent oligosaccharide
• receptors
• Commercialization
• Fluidics (M/NEMS)

• Performance
• digital, information-rich output
• real chemical time, reagentless,
• self-calibrating
• large dynamic range, no signal loss
• large analyte universe
• M, organics, proteins, DNA, (viruses)

Hagan Bayley (TAMU)
Ternary M Mixture
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Cluster Engineered Materials Prof. G.C. Schatz,
Northwestern University MURI, year started
1997 Web URL
www.chem.nwu.edu/muri

• OBJECTIVES
• Develop new approaches for making
  nanoparticles
• Develop DoD applications for nanoclusters
• RELEVANCE
• DNA sensing
• Protein detection
• Infrared, visible and Raman spectroscopy
• Optical materials, Eye/sensor detection

Nanoparticle-based DNA Sensors
Anthrax Detection

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS
• DNA/Protein detection
• Detection of one femtomole of anthrax with
  single base mismatch selectivity.
• Zeptomole/nanoparticle sensitivity to
  streptavidin using a sensor with lt100 nm
  dimensions.
• Technology transfer to industry and Army
• Optical materials
• Designer nanoparticles for infrared and visible
  detection, nanooptics, eye/sensor protection
• Technology transfer to ARL and NRL

Nanoparticle-based Protein Sensors

• Ultrasensitive
• Specific
• Label-Free
• General
• Small
• Fast
• Low-Cost
• Simple

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REACTIVE METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR SOLDIER
PROTECTION
Research Objective Synthesis, characterization,
and application of reactive metal oxide
nanoparticles for protection against chemical and
biological warfare agents and ballistic
protection Transitions ARO program supports
Professor Ken Klabunde at Kansas State University
collaborating with ECBC Next Generation Sorbent
Decontamination Program(FY09), Domestic
Preparedness Office at SBCCOM, Reactive
Protective Skin Cream program at USAMRICD, PM for
Nonstockpile Chemical Demilitarization, Ballistic
protection programs at Natick Soldier Center.
RD Partners ARL-ARO/ECBC/NSC/USAMRICD/Universi
ties/Industry
New Solutions for Decontamination and Protection
of the Soldier in a Chemical and Biological
Warfare Environment

• Surface area MgO
• Commercially Available 30m2
• Reactive Nanoparticles 500m2
• High Surface Area with increased
• reactivity

Payoff Highly effective enhanced reactivity for
the degradation of chemical and biological
agents with reduced materiel burden. Enhanced
Ballistic Protection for the soldier.
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Institute for Soldier NanotechnologiesProf.
Edwin Thomas, MIT

• University Affiliated Research Center
• Investment in Soldier Protection
• Industry partnership/participation
• Accelerate transition of Research Products
• Goals
• Enhance Objective Force Warrior survivability
• Leverage breakthroughs in nanoscience
  nanomanufacturing

• Investment Areas
• Nanofibres for Lighter Materials
• Active/reactive Ballistic Protection (solve
  energy dissipation problem)
• Environmental Protection
• Directed Energy Protection
• Micro-Climate Conditioning
• Signature Management
• Chem/Bio Detection and Protection
• Biomonitoring/Triage
• Exoskeleton Components
• Forward Counter Mine

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Melt Processed Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites for
Biodegradable and Recyclable PackagingEnvironment
al Quality (EQ)Program 6.1

• Jo Ann Ratto Project Officer
• U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center
• 508-233-5315
• Fax [phone]
• Email joann.ratto_at_natick.army.mil

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Melt Processable Polymer Clay Nanocomposites (EQ
Program)

• Objective
• Develop environmentally friendly
• packaging from nanocomposites to
• improve the military packaging and
• reduce waste.
• Justification
• Reduce solid waste requirement

• Accomplishments

• Milestones and Funding

• Produced nanocomposites with improved thermal
  properties with no loss in mechanical,
  biodegradable, and barrier properties.
• Produced blown films of PCL/clay and EVOH/clay
  with improved properties.
• Investigated screw configuration on the
  interaction of clay/polymer
• Transition to SERDP
• 3 publications 11 invited talks

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Nanotechnology for Optimization of Barrier
Properties U.S. Army Combat Feeding Program 6.2

• To develop a high barrier, non-foil
  material for incorporation into existing and
  future combat ration
• packaging systems to enhance shelf life
  and survivability.
• Material compounding will be conducted to
  determine
• feasibility of incorporating
  nano-sized fillers into
• commercially available
  materials.
• Processing trials will be conducted to
  determine
• feasibility of utilizing existing
  processing methods.
• Processing parameters will be optimized to
  enhance
• orientation of nanocomposite fillers
  such that gas
• diffusion will be minimized.
• Films will be evaluated for physical and
  barrier
• properties.
• The novel material technology will
• Increase shelf life

Nanoclay Composite Barrier Film
zz
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REDUCTION OF SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATED WITH MILITARY
RATIONS AND PACKAGINGPROJECT NUMBER PP-12706.2
Funded FYO2-04Dr. Jo Ann RattoU.S. Army Natick
Soldier Center
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Technical Objective and Approach
Objective To produce/replace Army packaging
items with nanocomposites. Incorporate clay
nanoparticles into biodegradable and recyclable
thermoplastic polymers to decrease solid waste
and to improve heat deflection temperatures,
mechanical and barrier properties. Approach Melt
process polymer/clay nanocomposites by
incorporating small amounts of organically
modified montmorillonite clay (1 5 by weight)
with biodegradable/recyclable polymers and
characterize the thermal, mechanical and barrier
properties.
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Nanocomposites

• OBJECTIVES
• Develop high barrier, non-foil material
• Eliminate pinholes, flex cracking problems
• Improve barrier properties
• Enhance package survivability
• Enhance shelf life
• Enhance producibility

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MRE Pouch Material
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MRE Performance Requirements

• MRE pouch is currently made from a multilayered
  film consisting of polyolefin (PP), foil,
  polyamide (PA), and polyester (PET)
• Oxygen Transmission Rate 0.06 cc/m2/24 hrs
• Water Vapor Transmission Rate 0.01 gr/m2/24 hrs
• With stand pouch abuse 32-160C
• Our Approach Use 1-2 recyclable and/or
  biodegradable polymers with nanoclays to at least
  meet the specifications

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Nanocomposites
Commodity Polymers 2-8 wt. of layered
silicate reinforcements
NANOCOMPOSITES

• Enhanced Heat Distortion Temperature
• Enhanced Barrier Properties
• Enhanced Physical Properties
• Low Processing Cost
• Single-step Processing
• Light-weight

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TECHNICAL APPROACH Develop Non-Retortable
Mono-layer Packaging Structures for MRE
Components
Scale up from lab scale twin screw extruder to
industrial scale equipment (co-extruder, twin
screw extruder) Characterize the
structures Down-select films Fabricate prototype
structure Performance testing Transition
technology
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Develop Non-Retortable Mono-layer Packaging
Structures for MRE Components
Twin screw extruder
Nanocomposite Blown Film
Blown film die