Relative employment positions of partners and gender relations in Russia and France

1
Relative employment positions of partners and
gender relations in Russia and France

• Ariane Pailhé (INED)
• Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)

2
Research objectives

• To compare
• employment status
• professional position
• of each cohabitant partner
• Differences between Russia and France
• Economic conditions, labour market situation
• Household composition presence of children,
  presence of other adults
• Differences in gender relations
• Relative resources of partners age gap and
  education gap
• Values gender attitudes religiosity

3
Data Sample

• GGS, Wave 1st Russia (2004), France (2005)
• Sample
• Co-resident couples with both partners aged 20-60
• Exclusion of students and disabled
• Russia 5155 obs. France 4499 obs.
• Employed Rs and Ps main activity - paid work
  or entrepreneurship/self-employment or maternity
  leave
• working pensioners (Russia only)

4
A comparable distribution of couple employment
status
5
Much more female part-time in France (wage
earners)
6
Longer working time in Russia medians of working
hours

• France
• Males 39 h (FT 40h)
• Females 35 h (FT 36)
• Median 5 h

• Russia
• Males 41 h
• Females 40 h
• Median 1 h

Working hours gap (male female)
Both partners employed wage earners
self-employed main job only
7
More men in public employment in Russia
63
42
Both employed wage earners self-employed main
job
8
Comparative occupational statuses in France and
Russia,
France France France France France Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia
    Females Females Females Females   Females Females Females Females  
    Managers Professionals Specialists Clerksservice workers Workers  Total Managers Professionals Specialists Clerks, Service Workers Workers  Total
Males Managers Professionals 10,8 5,5 6,9 2,1 25,3 8,1 2,3 4,0 1,6 16,0
Males Specialists 3,6 5,4 6,2 1,8 17,0 3,3 0,9 1,6 0,8 6,6
Males Clerks, Service Workers 1,6 1,9 4,5 1,9 9,9 3,6 1,8 3,9 2,0 11,3
Males Workers 6,2 5,7 20,0 15,9 47,8 17,0 9,5 19,6 20,0 66,1
   Total 22,1 18,4 37,7 21,8 100,0 32,0 14,5 29,1 24,4 100,0
9
Comparative occupational statuses in France and
Russia,
France France France France France Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia
    Females Females Females Females   Females Females Females Females  
    Managers Professionals Specialists Clerksservice workers Workers  Total Managers Professionals Specialists Clerks, Service Workers Workers  Total
Males Managers Professionals 10,8 5,5 6,9 2,1 25,3 8,1 2,3 4,0 1,6 16,0
Males Specialists 3,6 5,4 6,2 1,8 17,0 3,3 0,9 1,6 0,8 6,6
Males Clerks, Service Workers 1,6 1,9 4,5 1,9 9,9 3,6 1,8 3,9 2,0 11,3
Males Workers 6,2 5,7 20,0 15,9 47,8 17,0 9,5 19,6 20,0 66,1
   Total 22,1 18,4 37,7 21,8 100,0 32,0 14,5 29,1 24,4 100,0
10
More gender segregation in Russia

• Duncan index
• ISCO classification 2 digits (29 cat.)
• France 47.0
• Russia 55.7

11
More income difference between working partners
in Russia
Labor income ratio (male / female)

• France
• Mean 2.06
• Median 1.36

• Russia
• Mean 2.24
• Median 1.44

Both employed wage earners main job incomes
(incl. bonuses, etc.)
12
Couple labour market participation Estimation
procedure

• Multinomial logit model
• Couple employment status
• both employed,
• man employed only,
• woman employed only,
• both not-employed

13
Variables of interest

• Partners relative resources
• Age gap man 3 years older /woman 3 years
  older / same age
• Educational gap man 2 levels higher / woman 2
  levels higher / same level
• Values
• Gender values index
• Religiosity country specific (frequency of
  religious services attendance/ values
  attendance)

14
Gender value index
Index sum of 8 variables Ex When parents are
in need, daughters should take more caring
responsibility than sons Min 0 (traditional),
max 32 (progressive)

• France
• Mean 22.2
• Median 23.0

• Russia
• Mean 15.4
• Median 16.0

? quartiles (1, 2-3, 4)
15
Other explanatory variables

• Human capital
• Male age, agesq
• Male education
• Household compositions
• Number of children (0-2, 3-5, 6-13, 14-19)
• Number of adults (Russia only)
• Partners are immigrant/not
• Regional characteristics
• Settlement
• Regional unemployment rate
• Other
• Non labor incomes (Russia only)

16
Estimation results (1/2)

• Different effect of gender values
• Non significant in Russia
• In France, most traditional -
• Relative resources of partners
• Different effect of age gap
• not significant in Russia,
• men older in France
• Same effect of education gap
• women more educated than men , less educated
• Stronger effect for Russia

17
Estimation results (2/2)

• Household composition
• Common feature presence of children
• Stronger effect for children lt 14 in Russia but
  lower effect for children gt14
• Effect of regional unemployment rate
• - in Russia France, stronger effect in France
• Other factors
• Common features Age and education
• Differences immigrants in France

18
Conclusions

• Similar couple participation patterns in France
  and Russia
• Women work a little less in Russia
• Household composition (having young children)
  matters in both countries, more in Russia
• Russian people have more traditional gender
  attitudes comparing to French people
• But gender values do not play on participation in
  Russia while they do in France
• The relative resources of partners matter in both
  countries, more in Russia
• Russia objective resources, not attitudes,
  matter for labour market participation
• In France both matter
• Next steps
• Different types of jobs for men and women in
  Russia and France
• More gender wage inequality in Russia