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Introduction to Nursing Theories Nursing 210 Spring 2004

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Title: Introduction to Nursing Theories Nursing 210 Spring 2004


1
Introduction to Nursing TheoriesNursing
210Spring 2004
  • Curlissa Mapp RN, BSN
  • Georgia Baptist College of Nursing of Mercer
    University

2
Practicing nurses who despise theory are
condemned to performing a series of tasks -
either at the command of a physician or in
response to routines and policies.
  • Leah Curtin, RN, MS, FAAN (1989)
  • Former Editor, Nursing Management

3
  • WHY STUDY NURSING THEORY?
  • WHAT DOES THE PRACTICING NURSE WANT FROM NURSING
    THEORY?

4
Nursing must examine
  • What is the nature of knowledge needed for the
    practice of nursing?
  • What it means to practice nursing?

5
  • The study and use of nursing theory in nursing
    practice must have roots in the everyday practice
    of nurses
  • (Gordon, Parker, Jester, 2001)

6
Reasons for Studying Nursing Theory
  • Everyday practice enriches theory
  • Practice and theory guided by values and beliefs
  • Reframe thinking about nursing
  • Theory guides use of ideas and techniques
  • Close gap between theory and research
  • Envision potentialities
  • (Gordon, Parker, Jester, 2001)

7
Nursing Theory and the Practicing Nurse
  • Theory assists the practicing nurse to
  • Organize patient data
  • Understand patient data
  • Analyze patient data
  • Make decisions about nursing interventions
  • Plan patient care
  • Predict outcomes of care
  • Evaluate patient outcomes
  • (Alligood, 2001)

8
STURUCTURAL HIERARCHY OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE
COMPONENTS LEVEL OF ABSTRACTIONS

Metaparadigm
Most Abstract
Philosophies
Conceptual Models
Theories
Most Concrete
Empirical Indicators
9
METAPARADIGM
  • - Global concepts that identify the phenomena of
    interest
  • Global propositions that describe the concepts
  • Global propositions that state the relations
    between the concepts
  • (Fawcett, 2000)

10
FUNCTION OF THE METAPARADIGM
  • Summarize the intellectual and social missions of
    a discipline and place a boundary on the subject
    matter of that discipline

11
METAPARADIGM
  • Phenomena of interest to nursing is represented
    by Four Central Concepts
  • Person
  • 2. Environment
  • 3. Health
  • 4. Nursing

12
PHILOSOPHIES
  • A statement encompassing claims about a phenomena
    of central interest to a discipline, claims about
    how a phenomena comes to be known and claims
    about what the members of a discipline value

13
FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHIES
  • To Communicate
  • What people assume to be true in relation to the
    phenomena of interest to a discipline.
    (Christensen Kenney, 1990)
  • - What people believe regarding the development
    of knowledge about those phenomena

14
PHILOSOPHIES
  • Florence Nightingales work is an example of a
    philosophy
  • Example of philosophical statement
  • the individual behaves purposefully, not in a
    sequence of cause and effect.
  • (Roy, 1988, p. 32)

15
CONCEPTS
  • Word or phrase that summarizes the essential
    characteristics or properties of a phenomenon
  • Abstract idea (i.e. Hope, love, desire, pain,
    body temperature)
  • Derived from impressions the human mind receives
    about phenomena through sensing the environment
    (McEwen Willis, 2002)

16
CONCEPTS
  • Are equivalent of bricks in a wall and lend
    structure to science (Hardy, 1973, Wuest, 1994)
  • Are defined for each specific use the writer or
    researcher makes of the term (Hardy, 1973)

17
CONCEPTS
  • When operationalized become variables used in
    hypotheses to be tested in research.
  • Explicate subject matter of theories of a
    discipline

18
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
  • A set of abstract and general concepts and
    propositions that integrate those concepts into a
    meaningful configuration.
  • (Lippitt, 1973 Nye Berardo, 1981)

19
FUNCTION OF CONCEPTUAL MODELS
  • Frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad
    frame of reference for systematic approaches to
    the phenomena with which the discipline is
    concerned. (Tomey Alligood, 2002)

20
EXAMPLE CONCEPTUAL MODELS
  • - Kings General Systems Framework
  • - Roys Adaptation Model

21
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
  • Word structures that provide a specific view on
    nursing through the interrelationship of concepts
    in the structure.
  • VERBAL worded statements, a form closely
    related to knowledge development
  • SCHEMATIC diagrams, drawings, graphs or
    pictures that facilitate understanding

22
THEORIES
  • A group of related concepts that propose action
    that guides practice
  • Consist of one or more relatively specific and
    concrete concepts and propositions that purport
    to account for or organize some phenomenon
    (Barnum, 1998)

23
FUNCTION OF THEORIES
  • Primary Purpose
  • To Generate Knowledge

24
Theories vary in their level of abstraction and
scope
  • GRAND THEORY
  • - More abstract and broad in scope
  • MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY
  • - More concrete and narrower in scope

25
Nursing Theory
  • Describes or Explains Nursing
  • Enable nurses to know
  • WHY they are doing
  • WHAT they are doing

26
EMPIRICAL INDICATORS
  • A very concrete and specific real world proxy for
    a middle-range theory concept
  • An actual instrument, experimental condition or
    clinical procedure that is used to observe or
    measure a middle-range theory concept
  • (Fawcett, 2002)

27
FUNCTION OF EMPIRICAL INDICATORS
  • Provide the means by which middle-range theories
    are generated or tested
  • Indicators that are experimental conditions or
    clinical procedures tell the researcher or
    clinician exactly what to do ( protocols or
    scripts that direct actions in a precise manner)
  • (Fawcett, 2002)

28
  • SUMMARY
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