Biomass to Energy in Germany Past

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Biomass to Energy in GermanyPast Present
Futurean Overview

• Prof. Dr. Bernd Stephan
• University of Applied Science
• Bremerhaven, Germany

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Structure of Energy ConsumptionWorld - EC25
Germany (IEA/BEE-eV)

• World EC25 Germany
• (2003) (2003) (2005)
• ()
• Natural Gas 19.52 28.8 32.1
• Nuclear 2.54 6.43 5.7
• Renewables 20.34 8.57 6.4
• Coal 13.86 9.05 18.1
• Mineral oil 43.71 47.15 37.7
• Total (TWh/year) 84 744 10080 2 936

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Energy Consumption Germany2002 to 2005, BEE-eV

• 2002 2004 2005
• Natural Gas 21.7 22.4 32.1
• Nuclear 12.6 12.6 5.7
• Renewables 3.4 3.6 6.4
• Lignite 11.6 11.4 8.7
• Mineral Coal 13.2 13.4 9.4
• Mineral Oil 37.5 36.4 37.7

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Utilization of Renewables in Germany in 2004 ()

• Biomass solid 44.1
• Biomass liquid 0.1
• Biomass gaseous 6.3
• Solar thermal 1.8
• Geothermal 1.1
• Waste 6.4
• Biodiesel 7.2
• Rape oil/ethanol 0.4
• Hydropower 14.7
• Wind energy 17.5
• Photovoltaic 0.3

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Primary Energy for Generating Electricity in
Germany

• Lignite 27
• Nuclear Power 27
• Coal 24
• Renewables 12
• (including hydropower)
• Natural gas 9
• Fuel oil 1

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German Energy Imports 2005Source IEA, Federal
Office for Economy Germany

• Mineral oil Russia 34.1
• Norway 14.7
• Great Britain 12.7
• Natural Gas Russia 42.6
• Norway 30.1
• Netherlands 22.5
• Coal South Africa 22.9
• Poland 22.0
• Russia 15.7

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What is meant by Biomass ?

• Materials produced by metabolic activities of
  biological systems and/or products of their
  decomposition or conversion
• The materials are based on carbon compounds
• The chemical and energetic value of those
  materials is based on the carbon-carbon and
  carbon-hydrogen bond
• Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net
  heating value
• Biomass is collected and stored solar energy

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Sources of Biomass

• agriculture
• residues from forestry, specific industries (e.g.
  furniture production, saw dust), food processing
• solid municipal and industrial wastes
• used wood e.g. from old furniture, used timber
• marine systems the oceans of our world contain
  much more biomass than existing on the continents
  (but they are not regarded as a source of biomass
  for energetic utilization)

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Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany thermal energy

• Wood
• Wood residues
• Municipal waste
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural waste

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Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany electrical energy

• Wood
• Biogas
• Waste incineration
• Fermentation of sewage sludge
• Biogas from industrial waste water

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Biomass Conversion

• Microbial treatment
• Thermal treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Combinations
• Mechanical processes

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Microbial Treatment

• Long traditions in many cultures in the field of
  food processing e.g. beer brewing, alcoholic
  fermentation, preservation technologies as lactic
  acid fermentation
• Waste treatment in agriculture and food industry
  by aerobic treatment (composting) and anaerobic
  fermentation
• Treatment of municipal and industrial waste water
• (Pre)Treatment of solid waste containing organic
  materials

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Alcoholic fermentation
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Aerobic Processes
Agricutural wastes Traditional method composting Treatment of solid urban waste Technology with good prospects
Pretreatment of hazardous waste Treatment of gaseous phases for desodorizing (e.g. compost filters in fish industry)
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Composting

• Composting is a traditional technology in
  agriculture and gardening. Today there are
  processes of treatment of municipal waste which
  make use of the heat of composting for drying the
  solid waste before separation under
  investigation. There is no significant
  contribution to the energy supply of Germany by
  composting of biomass.
• Composting of mixtures of municipal and
  organic waste of food industry is implemented in
  many cities

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Anaerobic Digestion Biogas History

• History in Germany starting with utilization of
  marsh gas in the 19th century gas tight drums
  with an diameter of about 2 to 3 meter were
  placed upside down into the wet lands for gas
  collection and gas utilization for cooking
  similar to the Indian Gabor Gas plant
• Around 1920 trucks of public services were
  operated with compressed biogas from digestion of
  sewage sludge in the fifties of the 20th
  century this was given up due to low cost mineral
  oil
• In the fifties of last century some farmers built
  biogas plants for the treatment of aninmal wastes
  the technology was based on different
  principles and processes
• The oil price crisis in the seventies stimulated
  broad activities on the research and
  implementation side of agricultural biogas plants
  and resulted in optimized plant design and
  process performance. About 200 plants were bulit
  and operated at that time, but could not compete
  with the market prices for gas or liquid
  hydrocarbons.
• The energy policy of German Federal Government
  now subsidies the utilization of renewables as
  a result the market for big biogas plant goes up
  (most of them are connected to cogeneration
  plants)

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Potential of Biogas

• Potential of
• total (PJ/year) electric. (TWh/a)
• 96.5 7.2
• 65-113 4.9-8.5
• 6.4-12.2 0.5-0.9
• 6.4-12.2 0.4-0.8
• 12.5 0.9
• 78.7 5.9
• 265.1-324.9 19.8-24.2

• Animal excreta 4.5
• Vegetable residues from agriculture 3.0-5.3
• Wastes from Industry 0.3-0.6
• Waste from parks and gardens 0.3-0.6
• Organic municipal waste 0.6
• Energy crops 3.7
• TOTAL 12.7-15.3

(billion m3/a)
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Thermal and Chemical Processes

• Combustion
• Pyrolysis
• Chemical Prozesses hydrogenation,
  transesterification
• Process combinations (e.g. the Choren-Process
  BTL biomass to liquid)

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Mechanical Processes

• Filtering
• Dewatering
• Sedimetation
• Chopping/Cutting
• Pelletising

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Conversion Technologies state of the art

• Biogas
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• BTL (Biomass to liquid)

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Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage SludgeSewage
sludge is fermented and used to cover the energy
demand of the waste water treatment plants. By
doing this those plants need no external energy.
The biogas is used for cogeneration of heat for
the digesters an electricity for the aerobic
waste water purification process (energy for
pumping and aeration of the waste water).

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Wood Incineration Units

• Normally chopped wood or chopped woodv residues
  are used as feeding materials for large
  cogeneration plants
• For the heating of households pelletised
  materials are available. By using them the
  incineration process can be operated
  automatically. The cost for the pelletized wood
  in relation to mineral oil come to about 2/3

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Wood Incineration Plants - practical examples -
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200kW-Plant for heat production

• Feed chopped from forestry, 50 kg/h
• Density of feed material 0.25 kg/liter
• Efficiency 0.85
• 1600 hours of operation per year
• Feed need per year 380 m3
• Storage capacity for 2-3 weeks 40 m3

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19.5 MW Plant for gerating heat and electricity

• Input fresh and old wood chops, 5.33 t/h max
• Steam production 25.5 t/h at 47 bar/430 oC),
  steam outlet from turbine 2.2 bar/126 oC
• Operation 8000 hours per year
• Energy output electrical from 3.8 to 5.1 MW
  depending on heat delivery for the households
• Energy output thermal maximum 10 MW

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Wood a big potential in the forests

• In Germany there are growing about 60 to 100
  millions of m3 wood per year, that can be
  harvested
• That is an energtic equivalent of about 1.5 to
  2.5 TWh/a
• Compared to the actual energy consumtion of
  Germany this is a potential of 50 to 80
• Actual energetic utilization of wood comes to
  0.09 TWh/a only

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Market prices for selected materials-current
prices-

• Wood chops 50 per 1000kg
• Wood pellets (dry) 200 per 1000kg
• Wood, fresh 50-80 per m3
• Biodiesel based on rape oil 0.95 per Liter
• Wheat 100 per 1000kg
• Mineral oil 650 per 1000 Liters

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Energy content of wood based substratesaverage
data

• water content calorific value oil
  equivalent
• () (kWh/kg ) L oil/m3
• Pieces 20 4 165
• Pellets 10 5 325
• Chops 20 4 100
• Saw dust 40 2.6 70
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------------------------------------
• Wheat 15 4 400 L/1000 kg

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Waste Incineration- Example Bremerhaven -

• Capacity 315 000 tons/year
• Energy output
  100 000 000 kWh/year electrical and 250
  000 000 kWh/ year thermal

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Biomass as fuel, biomass to fuel

• 1 Vegetable oil, fresh and used
• 2 Modified vegetable oil, biodiesel
• 3 Bioethanol
• 4 Biogas
• 5 Synthetic fuels

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Implementation Biofuels

• 1 to 4
• proven technology of production and
  application
• 5 Under intense investgation with great
  potential sun fuel, BTL, Biomass to Liquid

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Biomas To Liquid SunFuel(Choren)

• Modified Fischer-Tropsch process gasification
  of substrates at 400 to 500oC with lack of
  oxygen, further oxidation above ash melting
  point, mixing of resulting gas mixture with solid
  carbon residues to produce a raw gas for furher
  specific synthesis (similar Fischer-Tropsch)
• 15 000 ton/year pilot plant is under operation
• Cooperation with Shell, based on Gas to Liquid
  process, operated in Malaysia

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The Hydrogen Problem

• C H O)
• Methane 0.75 0.25 -
• Mineral Oil 0.85 0.15 -
• Mineral Coal 0.83 0.05 0.12
• Biomass 0.50 0.07 0.43
• ) fractions by weight, rough figures

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Potential for SunFuel from(million tons per
year)

• Forestry 2.5
• Unused straw 4.0
• Energy crops 3 to 6
• Biomass available total
• (Germany) 30
• EU 25 115

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Fuel Consumption (million tons per year)

• 2005 50
• 2020 (exp) 44
• 2005 Biodiesel (est.) 1.4
• 2020 Biodiesel (exp.) 11.1

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Future

• The future development will be based on
  increasing production of energy crops, optimized
  utilization of organic residues and on
  thermal-chemical treatment of organic matter to
  produce gaseous and liquid fuels.
• There are lot of estimations for future
  contributions of biomass to energy supply, they
  will come to at least 20 or 30 percent until
  2020.

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Windenergy in Germany 2005 German Association
for Windenergy

• Total installed capacity 18 400 MW
• Number of converters 17 5784
• Installed in 2005 1049 new plants with a total
  capacity of 1800 MW
• New installations expected for 2006 1500 MW
• Increasing market for German export

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Proposed Future Installation of Power Plants in
Germany - not from Renewables

• Capacity 23 000 MW (2012)
• Capacity 40 000 MW (2020)
• Total Investment 40 billion

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