Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots: Rosids Michael G' Simpson

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Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants
Eudicots RosidsMichael G. Simpson
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ROSIDS

• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots
• Linked by no clear non-molecular apomorphies
• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) crassinucellate
  contrast with Asterids
• 13 orders

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• Aphloiaceae
• Geissolomataceae
• Ixerbaceae
• Picramniaceae
• Strasburgeriaceae
• Vitaceae
• CROSSOSOMATALES
• Crossosomataceae
• Stachyuraceae
• Staphyleaceae
• GERANIALES
• Geraniaceae
• (incl. Hypseocharitaceae)
• Ledocarpaceae
• Melianthaceae
• (incl. Francoaceae)
• Vivianiaceae

MYRTALES Alzateaceae Combretaceae
Cryteroniaceae Heteropyxidaceae
Lythraceae Melastomataceae (incl.
Memecylaceae) Myrtaceae Oliniaceae
Onagraceae Penaeaceae
Psiloxylaceae Rhynchocalycaceae
Vochysiaceae
EUROSIDS I Zygophyllaceae Krameriaceae
Huaceae CELASTRALES Celastraceae
(incl. Lepidobotryaceae) Huaceae
Parnassiaceae (incl. Lepuropetalaceae)
CUCURBITALES Anisophylleaceae
Begoniaceae Coriariaceae
Corynocarpaceae Cucurbitaceae
Datiscaceae Tetramelaceae
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EUROSIDS I (continued) FABALES Fabaceae
(Leguminosae) Polygalaceae
Quillajaceae Surianaceae FAGALES
Betulaceae Casuarinaceae Fagaceae
Juglandaceae (incl. Rhoipteleaceae)
Myricaceae Nothofagaceae
Ticodendraceae
MALPIGHIALES Achariaceae
Balanopaceae Bonnetiaceae
Caryocaraceae Chrysobalanaceae
(incl. Dichapetalaceae, Euphroniaceae,
Trigoniaceae) Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Ctenolophonaceae Elatinaceae
Erythroxylaceae Euphorbiaceae, s.l.
Goupiaceae Humiriaceae Irvingiaceae
Ixonanthaceae Lacistemataceae
MALPIGHIALES (continued) Linaceae
Lophopyxidaceae Malpighiaceae
Ochnaceae (incl. Medusagynaceae,
Quiinaceae) Pandaceae
Passifloraceae (incl. Malesherbiaceae,
Turneraceae) Peridiscaceae
Phyllanthaceae Picrodendraceae
Podostemaceae Putranjivaceae
Rhizophoraceae Salicaceae Violaceae
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EUROSIDS I (continued) OXALIDALES
Brunelliaceae Cephalotaceae
Connaraceae Cunoniaceae
Elaeocarpaceae Oxalidaceae ROSALES
Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae
Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae
Rhamnaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae
Urticaceae
EUROSIDS II Tapisciaceae BRASSICALES
Akaniaceae incl. Bretschneideraceae
Bataceae Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Caricaceae Emblingiaceae
Gryrostemonaceae Koeberliniaceae
Limnanthaceae Moringaceae
Pentadiplandraceae Resedaceae
Salvadoraceae Setchellanthaceae
Tovariaceae Tropaeolaceae
MALVALES Bixaceae Cistaceae
Dipterocarpaceae Malvaceae
Mutingiaceae Neuradaceae
Sarcolaenaceae Sphaerosepalaceae
Thymelaeaceae SAPINDALES Anacardiaceae
Biebersteiniaceae Burseraceae
Kirkiaceae Meliaceae Nitrariaceae
Rutaceae Sapindaceae Simaroubaceae
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Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for
myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

• The Myrtaceae are distinctive in being trees and
  shrubs with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves
  and usuallyepiperigynous flowers with numerous
  stamens.
• K 4-5 3,6 C 4-5 3,6 A 8 G (2-5)
  (-16), inferior rarelyhalf-inferior or
  superior, with hypanthium.

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Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for
myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

• Economic importance includes important timber
  trees, especially Eucalyptus spp., edible fruits
  (e.g., Psidium guajava, guava), spices (e.g.,
  Syzygium aromaticum, cloves, Pimenta dioica,
  allspice), oils (e.g., Eucalyptus spp.), and
  cultivated ornamentals such as Callistemon
  (bottlebrush), Chamelaucium (wax-flower),
  Eucalyptus spp., Leptospermum (tea tree), and
  Myrtus (myrtle).

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• Eucalyptus sideroxylon

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• Eucalyptus torquata

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• Leptospermum laevigatum

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• Actinodium cunninghamiana

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• Calothamnus sanguineus

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• Darwinia fascicularis

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• Darwinia oldfieldii

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• Tristania conferta Brisbane Box

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• Vertichordia grandiflora

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FABALESFabaceae (Leguminosae) - Bean/Pea family
(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643
genera / 18,000 species

• The Fabaceae are distinctive in being trees,
  shrubs, vines, or herbs, with stipulate, often
  compound leaves and typically pentamerous flowers
  usually with a single, unicarpellous pistil with
  marginal placentation, the fruit a legume (or
  modified legume).
• K 5 or (5) (3-6) C 5 or (5) 0,1-6, or (1-6)
  A 10 or (10) to 8 variable G 1 2-16,
  superior, hypanthium sometimes present

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• The Fabaceae have a worldwide distribution.
  Members of the family are dominant species in
  some ecosystems (e.g., Acacia spp. in parts of
  Africa and Australia), ecologically important for
  nitrogen-fixing Rhizobial nodules. Economic
  importance includes one of the most economically
  important plant groups, the source of numerous
  pulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.),
  fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums, dyes,
  and insecticides.

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Fabaceae 3 subfamilies

• Caesalpinioideae
• Flowers zygomorphic petals distinct posterior
  petal inner to laterals stamens distinct.
• Mimosoideae
• Flowers actinomorphic petals distinct or
  connate stamens often 8, showy flowers often
  densely aggregated.
• Faboideae (Papilionoideae)
• Flowers zygomorphic perianth papilionaceous
  posterior petal outer to laterals stamens
  connate.

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Caesalpinioideae

• Flowers zygomorphic
• Petals distinct
• Posterior petal inner to laterals
• Stamens distinct

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posterior petal inner to laterals

• Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

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stamens distinct

• Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

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style
ovary
stipe

• Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

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• Cassia didymobotrya

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posterior petal inner to laterals
ovary
stamens (trimorphic in this species)

• Cassia didymobotrya

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posterior petal inner to laterals
Caesalpinia spinosa C. pectinata
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Ceratonia siliqua Carob
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Caesalpinioideae in San Diego Co.
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Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo
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Senna armata Spiny Senna
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Mimosoideae

• Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated
• Petals distinct or connate hypanthium sometimes
  present
• Stamens often 8, showy

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heads
Acacia spp.
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phyllode
phyllode
rachillae with leaflets
Acacia spp. phyllodinous
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flowers actinomorphic, stamens 8
spike
ovary (removed)
Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)
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Calliandra haematocephala
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Mimosa sp.
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Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw
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Mimosoideae in San Diego Co.
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Acacia greggii Cat Claw
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Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite
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Faboideae (Papilionoideae)

• Flowers zygomorphic
• Perianth papilionaceous
• Terminology
• Posterior petal banner or standard
• Lateral petals wings
• Anterior petals keel petals (basally distinct
  
• distally connate collectively called the keel)
• Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals
  (wings)
• Stamens connate monadelphous or diadelphous

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Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
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banner outer to laterals
wing petals
keel
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
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keel petal
stamens connate diadelphous (91) in Wisteria
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
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style (ovary hidden)
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
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banner
wing petals
calyx
stamens
Erythrina caffra
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stamens connate diadelphous (91)
style
style
ovary
stipe
pistil removed
Erythrina caffra
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pistil unicarpellous
placentation marginal
(l.s.)
(c.s.)
Erythrina caffra
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banner
keel twisted
Flower asymmetric
Strophostyles umbellata
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• Clitoria mariana
• -a resupinate papilionoid

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Faboideae in San Diego Co.
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Astragalus trichopodus var. lonchus Ocean
Locoweed
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Lathyrus vestitus var. alefeldii San Diego Sweet
Pea
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Lotus hamatus Grab Lotus
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Lotus purshianus Spanish-Clover
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Lotus rigidus Broom Lotus
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Lotus scoparius var. scoparius Coast Deer Weed
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Lotus strigosus Calf Lotus
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Lupinus arizonicus
Lupinus excubitus
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Lupinus bicolor Minature Lupine
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Lupinus concinnus Bajada Lupine
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Lupinus succulentus Collar Lupine
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Medicago polymorpha California Burclover
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Melilotus alba White Sweetclover
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Melilotus indica Indian Sweetclover
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Trifolium wildenowii Valley Clover
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Vicia ludoviciana var. l. Deer Pea Vetch
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Dalea mollissima
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Psorothamnus emoryi White Dalea
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Psorothamnus schottii Indigo Bush
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Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus,
physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st
century). 313 genera / 8,100 species

• The Euphorbiaceae are distinctive in having
  unisexual flowers with a superior, usually
  3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel,
  apical-axile in placentation Crotonoideae and
  Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually
  white (milky) latex and the Euphorbioideae
  alone have a characteristic cyathium
  inflorescence.
• K 5 0 C 5 0 A 1-8 G (3) (28), superior.

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Three subfamiliesAcalyphoideaeCrotonoideae
-colored latexEuphorbioideae - milky
(white) latex - inflorescence a cyathium
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cyathium

• An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers
  and subtended by an involucre (frequently with
  petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence
  resembling a single flower.

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• Economic importance includes Ricinus communis,
  the source of castor bean oil and the deadly
  poison ricin Hevea brasiliensis, the major
  source of natural rubber Manihot esculentus,
  cassava/manioc, a very important food crop and
  the source of tapioca and various oil, timber,
  medicinal, dye, and ornamental plants. Succulent
  Euphorbia species are major components of plant
  communities

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• Euphorbia grandicornis

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• Euphorbia millii

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• Euphorbia shoenlandii

Euphorbia obesa
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• Euphorbia spp.

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• Manihot esculenta Manioc

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Moraceae Mulberry family (Latin name for
mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100 species

• The Moraceae are distinctive in being monoecious
  or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs with
  a milky latex, stipulate, simple leaves, and
  unisexual flowers, the female with a usually
  2-carpellate (2 styled) pistil and a single,
  apical to subapical ovule, the fruit a multiple
  of achenes, in some taxa with an enlarged
  compound receptacle or syconium.
• P (0-10) A 1-6 G (2) (3), superior or inferior.

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• Economic importance includes fruit trees, such as
  Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Ficus carica
  (edible fig), and Morus spp. (mulberry) paper,
  rubber, and timber trees and some cultivated
  ornamentals, especially Ficus spp., figs the
  leaves of Morus alba are the food source of
  silkworm moth larvae.

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Rosaceae - Rose family (Latin for various
roses). 95 genera / 2,800 species

• The Rosaceae are distinctive in having usually
  stipulate leaves (often adnate to petiole) and an
  actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower with
  hypathium present, variable in gynoecial fusion,
  ovary position, and fruit type.
• K 53-10 C 50,3-10 A 20-81,5 G 1-8,
  superior or inferior, hypanthium present.

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• The Rosaceae is traditionally classified into
  four subfamilies (some of which are likely
  paraphyletic)
• Spiraeoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium
  forming a follicetum
• Rosoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium forming
  an achenecetum or drupecetum, the receptacle
  varying from expanded and fleshy (e.g., Fragaria)
  to sunken (e.g., the hips of Rosa)
• Prunoideae, with a single, superior ovaried
  pistil bearing one ovule, the fruit a drupe and
• Maloideae, with an inferior ovary, forming a pome.

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• The Rose Family
• The rose is a rose,
• And was always a rose.
• But the theory now goes
• That the apple's a rose,
• And the pear is, and so's
• The plum, I suppose.
• The dear only knows
• What will next prove a rose.
• You, of course, are a rose--
• But were always a rose.
• Robert Forst (1874-1963)

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Rosaceae

• The family is very economically important as the
  source of many cultivated fruits, including
  Fragaria (strawberry), Malus (apples), Prunus
  (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum), Pyrus
  (pear), and Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), as
  well as essential oils (e.g., Rosa), and numerous
  ornamental cultivars, such as Cotoneaster,
  Photinia, Prunus (cherries), Pyracantha, Rosa
  (roses), and Spiraea.

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• Fragaria vesca Strawberry

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hypanthium
inferior ovary

• Malus pumila Apple

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• Prunus spp. Cherries, Peaches, Plums

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• Rosa spp.

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• Spiraea spp.

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Brassicales

• Glucosinolates - major plant secondary products
  in the Brassicaceae and close relatives.
• - deter herbivory and parasitism
• - flavoring agents in the commercially important
  members of the Brassicaceae, such brocolli,
  cauliflower, and mustard.

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Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard family (name
used by Pliny for cabbagelike plants). 365
genera / 3250 species.

• The Brassicaceae as treated here are distinctive
  in being herbs, rarely shrubs, with
  glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides), the
  perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed), the
  androecium with usually 24, tetradynamous
  stamens, the gynoecium with a superior, 2-
  carpellate/loculate ovary, with axile-parietal
  placentation and a usually 2-valved, dehiscent
  fruit with a replum (silique or silicle).
• K 22 C 4 A 24 2,4-16 G (2), superior.

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• Economic importance includes numerous vegetable
  plants (notably the crucifers or mustard plants),
  including broccoli, brussels sprouts,
  cauliflower, cabbage, collards, kale (all
  cultivars of Brassica oleracea), rutabaga and
  canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra), turnip
  (B. rapa), and many more, plus numerous
  cultivated ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis
  tinctoria, woad), and some noxious weeds
  Arabidopsis thalliana is noted as a model for
  detailed molecular studies.

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Brassica nigra
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Cakile maritima
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Cardamine californicum
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Raphanus sativus
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Thysanocarpus laciniatus
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Capparaceae

• Locule 1, parietal placentation

Isomeris arborea
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Cleomaceae

• Locule 1, parietal placentation

Cleome bassleriana
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Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by
Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800
species

• The Malvaceae s. l. are distinctive in being
  herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with stellate
  trichomes, typically with an epicalyx, the calyx
  valvate, the corolla often convolute sometimes
  valvate or imbricate the stamens connate into
  tube or 5-8 bundles, with monothecal or bithecal
  anthers, gynoecium syncarpous rarely
  apocarpous, ovary superior rarely inferior,
  ovules axile or marginal, the fruit a capsule,
  schizocarp of mericarps, berry, or samara.
• K 3-5 or (3-5) C 5 3- or 0 A 5-8 G 2-8
  1, superior rarely inferior.

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A.P.G. Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families

• Malvaceae, s.s.
• Bombacaceae
• Sterculiaceae
• Tiliaceae

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• Economic importance includes medicinal plants
• several fiber plants, especially Gossypium spp.
  (cotton, the worlds most important fiber plant)
  and Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the
  seed trichomes are utilized, and Corchorus spp.
  (jute), a bast fiber plant and source of burlap
• food and flavoring plants, such as Theobroma
  cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola
  nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio
  zibethinus (durian)
• wood, such as Ochroma pyramidale (balsa) and
  Pachira aquatica
• numerous ornamental cultivars, such as
  Brachychiton, Chorisia (floss-silk tree),
  Dombeya, Fremontodendron, Hibiscus (mallows), and
  Tilia (linden tree). Many others, such as
  Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) are
  of great local economic or ecological importance.

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Apomorphies of Malvaceae

• Inflorescence with bicolor unit (after
  Theobroma bicolor), consisting of a modified,
  3-bracted cyme, the trimerous epicalyx of family
  memberspossibly derived from these 3 bracts.
• Other apomorphies
• valvate calyx
• stellate or lepidote trichomes,
• dilated secondary tissue rays

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• Hibiscus sp.

Kosteletskia virginica
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• Bombax glabrum

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• Chorisia speciosa

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• Chorisia speciosa

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• Chorisia speciosa

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• Durio

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• Brachychiton discolor

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• Dombeya burgessiae

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• Dombeya sp.

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• Guichenotia ledifolia

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• Theobroma cacao
• Cacao, source of chocolate

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Grewia occidentalis

• Tilia sp.